Samuel Thomas von Sömmering

Samuel Thomas von Sömmering (28 January 1755 – 2 March 1830) was a physician, anatomist, anthropologist, paleontologist and inventor. Sömmering discovered the macula in the retina of the human eye. His investigations on the brain and the nervous system, on the sensory organs, on the embryo and its malformations, on the structure of the lungs, etc., made him one of the most important German anatomists.

Career
Sömmering was born in Thorn (Toruń), Polish Royal Prussia, as the ninth child of the physician Johann Thomas Sömmering. In 1774 he completed his education in Thorn and began to study medicine at the University of Göttingen. He became a professor of anatomy at the Collegium Carolinum in Kassel and, beginning in 1784, at the University of Mainz. There he was for five years the dean of the medical faculty. In 1795 Sömmering opened up a practice in Frankfurt. As one of his many important enterprises, Sömmering introduced against many resistances the vaccination against smallpox and became one of the first members of the Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft and was nominated as counselor. He received offers of employment by the University of Jena and the University of St. Petersburg, but accepted in 1804 an invitation from the Academy of Science of Bavaria, in Munich. In this city, he became counselor to the court and was led into the Bavarian nobility.

When Sömmering was 23 years old he described the organization of the cranial nerves as part of this doctoral work: its study is valid until today. He published many writings in the fields of medicine, anatomy and neuroanatomy, anthropology, paleontology, astronomy and philosophy. Among other things he wrote about fossil crocodiles and Archaeopteryx. He was also the first to accurately draw a representation of the female skeleton structure.

In addition, Sömmering was a very creative inventor, having designed a telescope for astronomical observations and an electrical telegraph in 1809. he worked on the refinement of wines, sunspots and many diverse other things. In 1811 he developed the first telegraphic system in Bavaria, which is housed today in the German Museum of Science in Munich.

Sömmering was married to Margarethe Elizabeth Grunelius (deceased 1802), and had a son, Dietmar William, and a daughter, Susanne Katharina. Due to bad weather, Sömmering left Munich in 1820 and returned to Frankfurt, where he died in 1830. He is buried at the city's main cemetery.

Works

 * Über die körperliche Verschiedenheit des Mohren vom Europär (1774)
 * Vom Hirn- und Rückenmark (Mainz 1788, 2. Aufl. 1792);
 * Vom Bau des menschlichen Körpers (Frankfurt am Main 1791-96, 6 Bde.; 2. Aufl. 1800; neue Aufl. von Bischoff, Henle u. a., Leipzig 1839-45, 8 Bde.);
 * De corporis humani fabrica (Frankfurt am Main 1794-1801, 6 Bde.);
 * De morbis vasorum absorbentium corporis humani (Frankfurt am Main 1795);
 * Tabula sceleti feminini (Frankfurt am Main 1798);
 * Abbildungen des menschlichen Auges (Frankfurt am Main 1801),
 * Abbildungen des menschlichen Hörorgans (Frankfurt am Main 1806),
 * Abbindungen des menschlichen Organs des Geschmacks und der Stimme (Frankfurt am Main 1806),
 * Abbildungen der menschlichen Organe des Geruchs (1809).

The exchange of letters between Sömmering and Georg Forster was published by Hettner (Braunschweig, 1878)eben.