Mission Zamora

Mission Zamora is an integrated land reform and land redistribution program in Venezuela, created in law by the Ley de Tierras ("Law of Land"), part of a package of 49 decrees made by Hugo Chávez in November 2001. The plan is named in honor of Ezequiel Zamora, a 19th century Venezuelan peasant leader.

Background
Venezuela's rural areas have seen substantial economic disinvestment, governmental neglect, depopulation, and abandonment ever since oil wealth was discovered in the early 20th century; as a consequence Venezuela now has an urbanization rate of more than 85% &mdash; among the highest in Latin America &mdash; and is, despite its vast tracts of highly fertile soil and arable land, a net food importer. The Ley de Tierras &mdash; "Law of the Lands" &mdash; was passed by presidential decree in November 2001; it included the creation of Plan Zamora to implement land reforms, including redistribution, in Venezuelan agriculture. The plan was created for several pressing reasons: to stimulate the agricultural sector in Venezuela in order to provide food security to the country (the only net food importer in Latin America) and more economic activity, to break up the concentrated economic power of the latifundios (75-80% of land owned by 5% of landowners, 2% owned 60% of farmland ; 60% of agricultors do not possess any land ) and redistribute wealth to the poor in Venezuela, and to discourage urbanization, which creates heavy burdens on city services in the slums of Caracas and other Venezuelan cities.

Underutilized or unused private corporate and agricultural estates would now be subject to expropriation after "fair-market" compensation was paid to the owners. Inheritable, inalienable, and at times communal land grants were also gifted to small farmers and farmer's collectives. The rationale given for this program was that it would provide incentives for the eventual and gradual repopulation of the countryside and provide "food security" for the country by lessening the present dependence on foreign imports. There are three types of land that may be distributed under the program: To date, the Chávez government has only distributed the first two types of land.
 * 1) government land,
 * 2) land that is claimed by private owners, but whose claims the government disputes (including centenially inherited land)
 * 3) and underutilized private land (including second homes, and investment property).

Legal specifications
There are three components to the Plan's legal specifications:
 * 1) A legal limit (a capped limit) on the size of landholdings, which varies based on conditions between 1 and 50 km².
 * 2) A tax on unused land holdings.
 * 3) A program for distribution of government and expropriated (with compensation) unused private lands.

Venezuelan citizens between the age of 18 and 25 or who head a family may petition to benefit from the Plan's land redistribution programs. The Plan's participants are first granted a piece of land to homestead and cultivate; if they cultivate it continuously for three years, they are then given official title to the land. This government-recognized title may then be inherited by the participants's relations, but its sale is legally proscribed.

Implementation
Three institutions were created to carry out the land distribution program: the Instituto Nacional de Tierras ("National Land Institute"), which oversees land tenancy; the Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Rural ("National Rural Development Institute"), which oversees aid to farmers, including technical expertise and equipment, and the Corporación de Abastecimiento y Servicios Agrícolas ("Agricultural Corporation of Supplies and Services"), to help with marketing. By the end of 2003, 60,000 families had received temporary title to a total of 55,000 km² of land under this plan.

Opposition
The plan met with heavy opposition: The Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (Fedecámaras) and the Venezuelan Labor Federation (CTV) joined together to campaign for a general strike on December 10, 2001, a month after the 49 decrees were passed. When Fedecámaras head Pedro Carmona took over the presidency during the April, 2002 coup attempt, he reversed the 49 decrees Chávez had passed, including the Ley de Tierras, although this was declared null when the coup failed and Chávez returned to power.

From 1999 to 2006, 130 landless workers were assassinated by sicarios paid by opponents to the reform. After the murder of Jacinto Mendoza, who worked with the landless families to request property titles for non-used lands owned by the state, the intermediary charged of having hired the sicarios testified having received 8 millions bolivars (4,500 Euros) from Omar Contreras Barboza, former Minister of Agriculture of Carlos Andrés Pérez, who claimed as his own the properties at stakes. Following Jacinto Mendoza's murder, Hugo Chavez declared that such acts would not remain "unpunished," and announced the creation of Brigades of Rural Security.