Ablation

Editors-In-Chief: Martin I. Newman, M.D., FACS, Cleveland Clinic Florida, [mailto:Newmanm@ccf.org]; Michel C. Samson, M.D., FRCSC, FACS [mailto:samsonm1@ccf.org]

Overview
Ablation is defined as the removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. The term occurs in space physicsassociated with atmospheric reentry, in glaciology, medicine and passive fire protection.

Space physics
In space physics, ablation occurs to heat shields that are used to protect payloads from heat, such as the heat shields used by the Apollo Command Module on atmospheric reentry. In a basic sense, ablative material is designed to slowly burn away in a controlled manner, so that heat can be carried away from the spacecraft by the generated gases; while the remaining solid material insulates the craft from superheated gases. There is an entire branch of space physics research involving the search for new fireproofing materials to achieve the best ablative performance; this function is critical to protect the spacecraft occupants and payload from otherwise excessive heat loading. The same technology is used in some passive fire protection applications, in some cases by the same vendors, who offer different versions of these fireproofing products, some for aerospace and some for structural fire protection.

Glaciology
In glaciology, ablation is used to define the removal of ice or snow from the surface of a mass of ice. Ablation may refer to melting and runoff or evaporation and sublimation of the ice, resulting in a thinning of the ice if it is not replenished by some other process. Ablation deposits are the masses of detritus left after surface melting of glacial ice.

Medicine
In medicine, ablation is the same as removal of a part of biological tissue, usually by surgery, and more recently using other modalities such as radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary defines ablation as "Removal of a body part or the destruction of its function, as by a surgery, disease, or noxious substance."

Surface ablation in the skin (also called resurfacing, because it induces regeneration) can be carried out by chemicals (peeling) or by lasers. Its purpose is to remove skin spots, aged skin, wrinkles, thus rejuvenating it. Surface ablation is also employed in otolaryngology for several kinds of surgery, such as for snoring. Ablation therapy using radiofrequency waves on the heart is used to cure a variety of cardiac arrhythmias such as supraventricular tachycardia, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, ventricular tachycardia and more recently atrial fibrillation. The term is often used in the context of laser ablation, a process by which the molecular bonds of a material are dissolved by a laser.

Rotoablation is a type of arterial cleansing that consists of inserting a tiny, diamond-tipped, drill-like device into the affected artery to remove fatty deposits or plaque. The procedure is used in the treatment of coronary heart disease to restore blood flow.

Bone marrow ablation is a process whereby the human bone marrow cells are eliminated in preparation for a bone marrow transplant. This is performed using high-intensity chemotherapy and total body irradiation. As such it has nothing to do with the vaporization techniques described in the rest of this article.

Recently, some researchers reported successful results with genetic ablation. In particular, genetic ablation is potentially a much more efficient method of removing unwanted cells, such as tumor cells, because large numbers of animals lacking specific cells could be generated. Genetically ablated lines can be maintained for a prolonged period of time and shared within the research community. Researchers at Columbia University report of reconstituted caspases combined from C. elegans and humans, which maintain a high degree of target specificity. The genetic ablation techniques described could prove useful in battling cancer.

Biology
Ablation in biology can refer to genetic or cell ablation, for example. Genetic ablation describes a gene that has been silenced. It can be used on purpose in experiments where scientists can observe the effect of genetic silencing. Cell ablation is where individual cells are destroyed for experimental reasons.

Laser ablation
Laser ablation is greatly affected by the nature of the material and its ability to absorb energy, therefore the wavelength of the ablation laser should have a minimum absorption depth. While these lasers can average a low power, they can offer peak intensity and fluence given by:


 * $$Intensity \ (\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{cm}^2) = average \ power \ (\mathrm{W}) / focal \ spot \ area \ (\mathrm{cm}^2)$$


 * $$Peak \ intensity \ (\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{cm}^2) = peak \ power \ (\mathrm{W}) / focal \ spot \ area \ (\mathrm{cm}^2)$$


 * $$Fluence \ (\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{cm}^2) = laser \ pulse \ energy \ (\mathrm{J}) / focal \ spot \ area \ (\mathrm{cm}^2) \,$$

while the peak power is


 * $$Peak \ power \ (\mathrm{W}) = pulse \ energy \ (\mathrm{J}) / pulse \ duration \ (\mathrm{s})$$

Surface ablation of the cornea for several types of eye refractive surgery is now common, using an excimer laser system (LASIK and LASEK). Since the cornea does not grow back, laser is used to remodel the cornea refractive properties, in order to correct refraction errors, such as astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia.

Passive fire protection
Firestopping and fireproofing products can be ablative in nature. This can mean endothermic materials, or merely materials that are sacrificial and become "spent" over time spent while exposed to fire. The latter version has also been used to describe silicone firestop products, which, by themselves, are sacrificial. In other words, given sufficient time under fire or heat conditions, these products actually char away, crumble and disappear. The idea is to put enough of this material in the way of the fire, so that a prescribed fire-resistance rating can be maintained, as proven in a fire test. Usually, ablative materials have a large concentration of organic matter, which is reduced by fire to ashes. In the case of silicone, organic rubber surrounds very finely divided silicadust (up to 380 m² of combined surface area of all the dust particles per gram of this dust). When the fire comes, it reduces the organic rubber to ash and leaves the silica dust, that the product started with, behind. If you burn some silicone caulking and then subsequently crush the remaining ashes, you will find that the interior of the black piece of ash is actually white. The silica was white to begin with. The black stuff is the carbonaceous remains of the organic rubber that surrounded each silica dust particle.