Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

Overview
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a form of leukemia where a majority of the blasts are megakaryoblastic.

It is classified under M7 in the French-American-British classification.

It is associated with GATA1, and risks are increased in individuals with Down syndrome. However, not all cases are associated with Down syndrome, and other genes can also be associated with AMKL.

This category of AML is associate with 30% or more blasts in the marrow, blast are identified as being of megakaryocyte lineage by; Expression of megakaryocyte specific antigens and platelet peroxidase reaction on electron microscopy.

Signs and Symptoms
In adults include pancytopenia with low blast counts in the blood, myelofibrosis, an absence of lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, poor response to chemptherapy,and short clinical course. In children; the same clinical presentation but with variable course especially in very young children; both leukocytosis and organomegaly may be present in children with M7. Complete remission and long term survival are more common in children than adults. In the first three of life megakaryoblastic leukemia is the most common type of leukemia in patients with Downs syndrome.

Diagnosis
The morphology of cells was observed by means of bone marrow smear; the immunophenotype was detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry assay.

In blood and bone marrow smears megakaryoblasts are usually medium sized to large cells with a high nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio. Nuclear chromatin is dense and homogeneous. There is scanty, variable basophilic cytoplasm which may be vacuolated. An irregular cytoplasmic border is often noted in some of the megakaryoblasts and occasionally projections resembling budding atypical platelets are present. Megakaryoblasts lack myeloperoxidase activity and stain negatively with sudan black B. They are alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase negative and manifest variable alpha naphythyl acetate esterase activity usually in scattered clumps or granules in the cytoplasm. PAS staining also varies from negative to focal or granular positivity, to strongly positive staining. A marrow aspirate is difficult to obtain in many cases because of variable degree of myelofibrosis. More precise identification by immunophenotyping or with electron microscopy (EM). Immunophenotyping using MoAb to megakaryocyte restricted antigen (CD41 and CD61) may be diagnostic.

External link

 * http://www.meds.com/leukemia/flow/flow with flow cytometry in AML Atlas]
 * Histology at University of Virginia
 * Images at Nagoya University