Ascus

An ascus (plural asci) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. On average, asci normally contain 8 ascospores, produced by a meiotic cell division followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can number 1 (e.g. Monosporascus cannonballus), 2, 4, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. Tympanis) with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some Cordyceps, also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be septate, and in some cases septate in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei.

In many cases the asci are formed in a regular layer, the hymenium, in a fruiting body which is visible to the naked eye, here called an ascocarp or ascoma. In other cases, such as single-celled yeasts, no such structures are found. In rare cases asci of some genera can regularly develop inside older discharged asci one after another, e.g. Dipodascus.

Asci normally release their spores by bursting at the tip, but they may also digest themselves passively releasing the ascospores either in a liquid or as a dry powder. Typically, actively discharging asci have a specially differentiated tip, either a pore or an operculum. In some hymenium forming genera, when one ascus bursts, it can trigger the bursting of many other asci in the ascocarp resulting in a massive discharge visible as a cloud of spores - the phenomenon called "puffing". This is an example of positive feedback. A faint hissing sound can also be heard for species of Peziza and other cup fungi.

Asci, notably those of Neurospora crassa, have been used in laboratories for studying the process of meiosis, because the four cells produced by meiosis line up in regular order. By modifying a gene coding for spore color, the biologist can study crossing over and other phenomena.

Asci of most Pezizomycotina develop after the formation of croziers at their base. The croziers help maintain a brief dikaryon. The compatible nuclei of the dikaryon merge forming a diploid nucleus that then under goes meiosis and ultimately internal ascospore formation. Members of the Taphrinomycotina and Saccharomycotina do not form croziers.

Ascus classification
The form of the ascus, the capsule which contains the sexual spores, is important for classification of the Ascomycota. There are four basic types of ascus.
 * A unitunicate-operculate ascus has a "lid", the Operculum, which breaks open when the spores ripen and in this way sets them free. Unitunicate-operculate asci only occur in those ascocarps which have apothecia, for instance the morels.  'Unitunicate' means 'single-walled'.
 * Instead of an operculum, a unitunicate-inoperculate ascus has an elastic ring that functions like a pressure valve. On ripening it briefly expands and so lets the spores shoot out.  This type appears both in apothecia and in perithecia; an example is the illustrated Hypomyces chrysospermus.
 * A bitunicate ascus is enclosed in a double wall. This consists of a thin brittle outer shell and a thick elastic inner wall.  When the spores are ripe the shell splits open so that the inner wall can take up water. As a consequence this begins to extend with its spores until it protrudes above the rest of the ascocarp so that the spores can escape into free air without being obstructed by the bulk of the fruiting body.  Bitunicate asci occur only in pseudothecia and are found only in the classes Dothideomycetes and Chaetothyriomycetes (which were formerly united in the old class Loculoascomycetes).  Examples: Venturia inaequalis (Apple Scab)  and Guignardia aesculi (Brown Leaf Mold of Horse Chestnut).
 * Prototunicate asci are mostly spherical in shape and they have no active dispersal mechanism at all. The ripe ascus wall simply dissolves so that the spores can escape, or it is broken open by other influences such as animals.  Asci of this type can be found both in perithecia and in cleistothecia, for instance with Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma).  This is something of a catch-all term for cases which do not fit into the other three ascus types, and they probably belong to several independent groups which evolved separately from unitunicate asci.