Congestive heart failure risk factors


 * Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: ; Saleh El Dassouki, M.D. [mailto:seldassouki@hotmail.com], Atif Mohammad, M.D.

Risk Factors for the Development of Heart Failure

 * 1) Demographic factors
 * 2) *Age (increased)
 * 3) *Low socioeconomic status
 * 4) Lifestyle-related factors
 * 5) *Tobacco and coffee consumption
 * 6) *Alcohol consumption
 * 7) *Dietary sodium intake
 * 8) *Recreational drug use: Cocaine, methamphetamines.
 * 9) Comorbidities
 * 10) *Hypertension
 * 11) *Left ventricular hypertrophy
 * 12) *Myocardial infarction
 * 13) *Obesity
 * 14) *Diabetes mellitus
 * 15) *Valvular heart disease
 * 16) *Renal insufficiency
 * 17) *Dyslipidemia
 * 18) *Sleep apnea
 * 19) *Tachycardia
 * 20) *Impaired lung function
 * 21) *Depression
 * 22) Echocardiographic factors
 * 23) *Ventricular dimension
 * 24) *Ventricular mass
 * 25) *Diastolic filling impairment
 * 26) Pharmacological factors
 * 27) *Chemotherapeutic agents
 * 28) *Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
 * 29) *Thiazolidinediones
 * 30) *Doxazosin
 * 31) Biochemical
 * 32) *Albuminuria
 * 33) *Homocysteine: Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with almost a 75% increase in risk for heart failure development.
 * 34) *Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha): After adjustment for other risk factors, every tertile increment in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels was associated with a 60% increase in risk of heart failure. TNF-alpha has several negative pleiotropic effects and also negative inotropic properties that may be responsible for excessive heart failure risk. TNF-alpha is also associated with progression of heart failure.
 * 35) *Interleukin-6: IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which associated with an excessive risk of development of heart failure.
 * 36) *C-reactive protein
 * 37) *Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)
 * 38) *Natriuretic peptides
 * 39) Genetic risk factors
 * 40) *Genetic polymorphism

Risk Factors Associated with Heart Failure Progression and Outcomes

 * 1) Clinical
 * 2) *Etiology
 * 3) *Age
 * 4) *Gender
 * 5) *Symptom duration
 * 6) *NYHA class
 * 7) *Weight
 * 8) *Heart rate
 * 9) *Mean arterial pressure
 * 10) *S3 gallop
 * 11) *Jugular venous pressure
 * 12) *Cardiothoracic ratio
 * 13) *Renal function
 * 14) *Serum sodium
 * 15) *Troponin T
 * 16) *History of diabetes
 * 17) *Anemia
 * 18) Echocardiographic
 * 19) *Ejection fraction
 * 20) *Exercise ejection fraction
 * 21) *Ventricular dimensions
 * 22) *Sphericity index
 * 23) *Prolonged isovolumic relaxation
 * 24) *Restrictive mitral filling
 * 25) *Changes in E/A ratio
 * 26) *Mitral regurgitation
 * 27) *Contractile reserve
 * 28) *Left ventricular mass
 * 29) Exercise Tolerance
 * 30) *Exercise duration
 * 31) *Peak O2 consumption
 * 32) *VE/VCO2
 * 33) *Anaerobic threshold 6-minute walk test
 * 34) Hemodynamics
 * 35) *Cardiac index
 * 36) *Pulmonary artery pressure
 * 37) *Pulmonary artery wedge pressure
 * 38) *Pulmonary vascular resistance
 * 39) *Stroke work index
 * 40) *Right atrial pressure
 * 41) *A-V oxygen difference
 * 42) *Coronary sinus O2 content
 * 43) Electrophysiological
 * 44) *Conduction delay
 * 45) *Atrial arrhythmia
 * 46) *Family history of sudden death
 * 47) *Presence of late potentials
 * 48) *QT dispersion
 * 49) *T wave alternans
 * 50) Neurohormonal
 * 51) *Renin-angiotensin system
 * 52) *Angiotensin II
 * 53) *Aldosterone
 * 54) *Plasma renin activity
 * 55) *Sympathetic nervous system
 * Norepinephrine
 * Epinephrine
 * Heart rate variability
 * Norepinephrine spillover
 * 1) Natriuretic factors
 * 2) *Atrial natriuretic peptide
 * 3) *B-type natriuretic peptide
 * 4) *N-terminal-pro-ANP
 * 5) Cytokines and others
 * 6) *TNF-alpha
 * 7) *Interleukin-6
 * 8) *Endothelin
 * 9) *ICAM-1 and Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
 * 10) *Arginine vasopressin