Racine stages

In the kindling model of epilepsy, the brain receives electrical shocks or chemical injections to induce acute seizures. With repetition, these seizures become chronic and spontaneous, creating a useful animal model within which to study epilepsy. The induced seizures are of various strength and character. In 1972, Ronald J. Racine divided these seizures into five categories. :


 * Mouth and facial movement


 * Head nodding


 * Forelimb clonus


 * Rearing with forelimb clonus


 * Rearing and falling with forelimb clonus (generalized motor convulsions)