R-colored vowel

In phonetics, vocalic r refers to the phenomenon of a rhotic segment such as or  occurring as the syllable nucleus. This is a feature of a number of Slavic languages such as Croatian and Czech as well as languages like English and Mandarin Chinese, where it occurs as an r-colored vowel, a vowel whose distinctive feature is a low third formant.

In rhotic accents of English such as General American, vocalic r occurs in words like butter and church.

Vocalic R in Sanskrit
The ancient Indian language Sanskrit possessed short and long versions of a vowel sound often referred to as "vocalic r". It is represented in Devanagari by ऋ (short form) and ॠ (long form), and in IAST transliteration by (short form) and  (long form), and is thought to correspond to original vocalic "l" or "r" in Proto-Indo-European. The grammarian Pāṇini classified this vowel as retroflex and its pronunciation is thought to have been a retroflex approximant in classical Sanskrit (c. 500 BC). Earlier grammarians classified its sound in the Vedic period as velar. When Sanskrit words containing this sound are borrowed into modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi or Nepali its pronunciation changes to (short form) or  (long form), leading to forms such as "Krishna" for  and "Rigveda" for, a pronunciation that is also prevalent among contemporary pandits.

R-colored vowel


A vowel may have either the tip or blade of the tongue turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel (a retroflex articulation) or with the tip of the tongue down and the back of the tongue bunched. Both articulations produce basically the same auditory effect, a lowering in frequency of the third formant. Although they are rarely attested, they occur in some non-standard varieties of Dutch and in a number of rhotic accents of English like General American. The English vowel may be analyzed phonemically as an underlying rather than a syllabic consonant.

Considering the different word positions--initial, medial and final--it has been suggested there are at least 21 distinct allophones of in English.

English spelling
The r-colored vowels of General American are written with vowel-r digraphs. Any vowel can be used:
 * Stressed : assert, mirth, work, turkey, myrtle
 * Unstressed: dinner, lincolnshire, editor, measure

An example of an r-colored vowel written as a vowel following "r" can be found in the word iron.

In singing
Many vocalists who would normally speak English with r-colored vowels will replace them with their non-rhotic equivalents when singing in English. Exceptions include many Irish singers.

Speech disorders
In English, pronunciation of vocalic /r/ is variable due to the inconsistencies of the different vowel combinations. These inconsistencies can cause articulation disorders or speech disorders, especially in younger children when producing /r/. Pronunciation of /r/ is difficult, and one of the most frequently misproduced sounds for a number of reasons including:
 * It can be either consonantal or vocalic;
 * There is no single defined way to produce the sound either by manner or place of articulation;
 * It tends to be a later developing sound; and
 * Correct pronunciation is not dependent upon spelling.

Vocalic /r/ evaluation and treatment is most commonly made by a speech-language pathologist.

Other examples
In Mandarin Chinese, the rhotacized ending of some words is the prime way by which to distinguish speakers of Beijing dialect from those of other forms of Mandarin. Mandarin speakers call this phenomenon Erhua. In many words, -r suffix is added to indicate some meaning changes. In simplified written Chinese, the change is indicated with the suffix 儿 (If the word ends in a nasal, the final consonant is lost and the vowel becomes nasalized if what is lost is a nasal velar).

In the 1930s the Dravidian language Badaga had two degrees of rhoticity among all five of its vowels, but few speakers maintain the distinction today, and then only in one or two vowels. An example is non-rhotic mouth, slightly rhotacized ("half retroflexed")  bangle, and fully rhotacized ("fully retroflexed")  crop.