Physicians for Social Responsibility



Physicians for Social Responsibility is a Nobel prize-winning non-profit advocacy organization that is the medical and public health voice in the United States for policies to prevent nuclear weapons proliferation and use, and to slow, stop and reverse global warming and toxic degradation of the environment. PSR’s 32,400 medical and health professionals and concerned citizen members, 31 PSR chapters, over 60 Student PSR chapters at medical and public health schools, and over 25,000 e-activists, along with national and chapter board members and staff, form a unique nationwide network committed to a safe and healthy world.

History of PSR
Founded in 1961, PSR led efforts to educate health professionals and the public on the health and social consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and contributed to the campaign to end atmospheric nuclear weapons testing by documenting the presence of Strontium 90, a byproduct of nuclear testing, replacing calcium in children's teeth. During the following two decades, PSR's work to educate the public about the dangers of nuclear war contributed to the founding of an international movement, the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. In 1985, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to IPPNW for building public awareness and pressure to end the nuclear arms race and PSR, as the U.S. affiliate of IPPNW, shared in this honor.

Nuclear Abolition and Security
During the 1990s, PSR built on this record of achievement by helping to end nuclear warhead production and winning a comprehensive ban on all nuclear tests. Since then, PSR’s Security program has continued to educate and mobilize the medical and health community and concerned citizens on the multitude of nuclear issues.

Understanding that nuclear war continues to be the most acute threat to human life and the global biosphere, PSR continues its commitment of 45 years to the elimination of nuclear weapons, end the possibility of nuclear war, the use of nuclear power and the development of nuclear weapons, ensure safe nuclear waste disposal and to reduce the role of armed force in US foreign and security policy, emphasizing alternative strategies for conflict resolution, including increased diplomacy and the rule of law.

The Environment and Health
In 1992, recognizing that new dangers now threaten communities around the world, PSR expanded its mission to include environmental health, addressing issues such as global climate change, proliferation of toxics, and pollution. PSR’s mobilization of the medical community on environmental health issues led to a collaboration among MIT, the Harvard School of Public Health, Brown University and PSR’s Greater Boston chapter that resulted in Critical Condition, Dr. Eric Chivian’s definitive volume on human health and the environment. Since then, PSR has brought the medical and public health perspective to advance environmental health and protect today’s and future generations from the health effects of global warming and toxic degradation of the environment, and promoting renewable energy solutions and energy security.

On both the nuclear disarmament and environmental health fronts, PSR works for national priorities to ensure our nation’s health, social and economic needs.

Security
PSR became, and continues to be, the medical and public health voice in the United States calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons. PSR’s articles in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1962, detailing the catastrophic consequences of a thermonuclear war involving the U.S., refuted the view that recovery from a massive nuclear attack was merely a matter of planning in advance, and emphasized the need to work for prevention.

Over the next two decades, PSR continued its founding mission to achieve nuclear disarmament, bringing attention to both the catastrophe of nuclear warfare and the legacy of these weapons from fallout, power accidents, nuclear winter, and radiation experiments and exposures for soldiers and workers. PSR published articles on the public health disaster to follow nuclear conflict, helped secure classified documents on radiation exposures and contamination, and pushed for reductions in nuclear arsenals.

PSR contributed to the collection of children’s deciduous (baby) teeth that helped document the presence of Strontium-90, a highly radioactive waste product of atmospheric nuclear testing, in children’s teeth. This finding was one of the factors that led to the 1963 Limited Nuclear Test Ban treaty that ended atmospheric nuclear testing.

PSR’s medical symposia about the effects of a nuclear attack on the U.S., held around the country in the early 1980s, made the nuclear issue relevant to individual citizens and mobilized public support for arms control and a nuclear weapons freeze. The 1985 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to IPPNW, of which PSR is the U.S. affiliate, for building public pressure to reverse the nuclear arms race. In the 1990s, PSR built on its record of achievement by helping to end nuclear warhead production and to obtain U.S. adherence to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty that still offers the possibility of a world without explosive nuclear tests. Since then, PSR’s Security program has continued to educate and mobilize the medical and health community and concerned citizens on nuclear disarmament issues through:

In the past several years, PSR’ Security Program has had notable success, often in collaboration with the nuclear disarmament community, including:
 * publicizing public health concerns about DOE nuclear plants that resulted in public outcry and was integral to halting their operations and a national campaign that helped stop construction of other nuclear production plants thus imposing the long-sought nuclear weapons freeze and enforcing environmental cleanup at federal facilities;
 * publishing Dead Reckoning, a critical review of DOE’s epidemiologic research on the health risks of nuclear weapons production, that helped prompt the transfer of nuclear weapons production health studies from DOE to the Department of Health and Human Services and improved oversight of research on the hazards of making and testing nuclear weapons;
 * providing medical expertise that helped force DOE to release previously classified information about U.S. government-sponsored radiation experiments on human subjects;
 * producing an expert critique of the National Cancer Institute’s study regarding the health impacts of U.S. atmospheric nuclear tests that revealed the Institute had underestimated the health risks of the fallout;
 * forcing the issue of worker compensation into the public domain that resulted in the DOE taking responsibility for occupational illnesses suffered by its workers at nuclear weapons plants; producing and distributing Forgotten Nuclear Sites Information and Action Kits that identified formerly undisclosed nuclear weapons production sites;
 * releasing educational resources on vital security issues, including Projected U.S. Casualties and Destruction of U.S. Medical Services, Nuclear Terrorism, published in the British Medical Journal, that examines a possible terrorist scenario including catastrophic loss of life and massive destruction of hospitals and health facilities that would occur;
 * and revealing a long-suppressed study confirming that the effects of Cold War era nuclear testing were far worse and more widespread than originally reported, and calling for a federally sponsored education and outreach campaign to alert the public to the dangers of nuclear testing fallout.
 * educating the public about the impact of an Iraq war on human health and opposing the precipitous invasion in PSR ads in The New York Times, The Nation and Roll Call and reporting on a PSR physician’s trip to Iraq on a public health survey mission just prior to the war;
 * receiving commendation in a New York Times editorial for “taking a broader view” in opposing language inserted in the Energy bill that would remove longstanding restrictions on the international trade in Highly Enriched Uranium for the purpose of producing medical isotopes;
 * organizing and participating in several workshops at the 2005 NPT Review Conference that examined the future of the NPT and the need for alternative energy sources to combat the proliferation dangers inherent in fulfilling Article IV;
 * airing radio ads that assisted a bipartisan effort in Congress effort to make renewed testing practically impossible in Nevada;
 * launching the SMART (Sensible Multilateral American Response to Terrorism) and Nuclear Terrorism campaigns;
 * playing a major role, particularly in our Maine chapter, in the demise of the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator (bunker buster);
 * winning an amendment in the House of Representatives that added significant funds to the Global Threat Reduction Initiative;
 * providing physician testimony to and working with Congressional policymakers to reveal the health dangers of the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste site;
 * helping to pass an amendment to the OD Authorization bill in the House of Representatives ordering a comprehensive study on possible health effects from exposure to depleted uranium on U.S. soldiers and their children; garnering over 800 health professional and concerned citizen signatures on a PSR letter to President Bush demanding that he abandon the options of a nuclear attack or the use of preventive force in Iran.

Environmental Health Program
In 1992, PSR expanded its mission to apply its medical expertise to environmental health issues, in recognition that global climate change and toxic pollution also pose grave risks to human health. That same year, PSR’s mobilization of the medical community on environmental health issues led to a collaboration among MIT, the Harvard School of Public Health, Brown University and PSR’s Greater Boston chapter that resulted in Critical Condition, Dr. Eric Chivian’s definitive volume on human health and the environment. Since then, PSR has brought the medical and public health prospective to advance environmental health and protect today’s and future generations from the effects of pesticides and mercury and to promote renewable energy solutions and energy security. Highlights of the PSR Environment & Health Program’s successes, often achieved working in tandem with colleague organizations and which illustrate our endurance and persistence include:

Highlights of more recent accomplishments on environmental health include:
 * playing an instrumental role in a lead role in passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act and producing reports on drinking water and disease, arsenic in drinking water, and Tap Water Blues, a report that revealed that 14 million Americans were drinking water contaminated by several agricultural pesticides; that report and PSR’s finding that 39 Members of Congress were spending taxpayer money on bottled water while blocking steps to clean up water from the tap led to the passage of drinking water reforms; organizing pediatric physicians around the devastating developmental and neurological effects of childhood lead poisoning that resulted in significant federal provisions to prevent lead poisoning in the National Housing bill of 1992;
 * launching the Death by Degrees campaign, which took global climate change local with state-specific reports detailing health threats and supporting local efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions; and state updates to those reports, A Breath of Fresh Air: How Sustainable Energy Can Protect Health;
 * serving as the Secretariat for the International POPs Elimination Network IPEN, a network of more than 300 public health and environmental groups that participated in negotiations to adopt the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The POPs treaty was adopted by 120 countries and was the first global treaty to seek to ban an entire class of chemicals because of their direct effects on human health;
 * providing PSR experts on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that helped turn the tide of scientific opinion toward acceptance of the concept that human activities alter world climate and helped shape the Kyoto climate treaty;
 * advocating for a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and participated in the negotiations of the Kyoto Protocol at The Hague;
 * launching a national mercury campaign which resulted in FDA strengthening its fish consumption advisory for methylmercury and providing guidance for women and children; producing in multiple languages a Healthy Fish, Healthy Families guide for consumers about what fish are safe to eat, and a Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians about how to counsel their patients on safer fish consumption; and
 * producing reports on emerging links between environmental pollutants and disease, including both Parkinson’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.


 * launching an Energy Security Initiative focused on environmental health and security issues and their impact on public health, and producing and holding briefings on our report, Powering Foreign Policy: The Role of Oil and Diplomacy in Conflict, that have brought together a diverse array of public policy organizations, congressional policymakers, embassy staff, security experts and the media; and mobilizing thousands of PSR activists to send a letter to President Bush for inadequately funding research and development of renewable energy technologies and for failing to implement the most effective tools for decreasing U.S. oil consumption conservation  and energy efficiency.
 * leading the health community efforts to promulgate stronger standards for particulate matter, with PSR physicians testifying at EPA hearings in Philadelphia, Chicago and San Francisco; garnering more than 5,000 comments from PSR e-activists to the EPA, and obtaining signatures from medical, nursing and public health organizations, including the American Cancer Society, the American Lung Association and the American Heart Association, on a PSR letter promoting tighter regulations on fine and coarse particulates;
 * recruiting the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Nurses Association and APHA to join PSR in filing an historic, first-ever health groups-only lawsuit challenging the EPA’s dangerous mercury rule; and
 * taking the initiative on an amendment to the Interior and Environment appropriations bill that provides $1 million for the National Academy of Sciences to complete a study on the health impacts of global warming and the preparedness of the US health care system;

Vision Statement
Physicians for Social Responsibility’s vision is a healthy, just and peaceful world for present and future generations.

Mission Statement
Guided by the values and expertise of medicine and public health, Physicians for Social Responsibility works to protect human life from the gravest threats to health and survival.

Program Goals
Assert a strong medical voice…

... for the prevention of nuclear war, against the development and use of nuclear weapons, and for a reduction in the role of armed force in US foreign and security policy, emphasizing alternative strategies for conflict resolution, including increased diplomacy and the rule of law;

... and to slow, stop and reverse global warming and toxic degradation of the environment.