Diabetes mellitus classification


 * Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org];

Overview
The term diabetes, without qualification, usually refers to diabetes mellitus, which is associated with excessive sweet urine (known as "glycosuria") but there are several rarer conditions also named diabetes. The most common of these is diabetes insipidus in which the urine is not sweet (insipidus meaning "without taste" in Latin); it can be caused by either kidney (nephrogenic DI) or pituitary gland (central DI) damage.

The principal two idiopathic forms of diabetes mellitus are known as types 1 and 2. The term "type 1 diabetes" has universally replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM). Likewise, the term "type 2 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature. Various sources have defined "type 3 diabetes" as, among others, gestational diabetes, insulin-resistant type 1 diabetes (or "double diabetes"), type 2 diabetes which has progressed to require injected insulin, and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or LADA or "type 1.5" diabetes. ) There is also maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) which is a group of several single gene disorders with strong family histories that present as type 2 diabetes before 30 years of age.

Pre-diabetes
1) Impaired fasting glycaemia

2) Impaired glucose tolerance

===Diabetes mellitus classification ===

1) Type 1 diabetes - β-cell destruction in pancreas causes an absolute insulin deficiency

2) Type 2 diabetes – Progressive defect in Insulin secretion+ Insulin resistance

3) Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) - Diagnosed during pregnancy

4) Other causes - Genetic defects in β-cell function, insulin action, cystic fibrosis (exocrine pancreas), and drug- or chemical-induced (anti-retroviral therapy)

These classes are not exclusive of each other and may have overlap between the presentation.