Genital modification and mutilation

Genital modification and genital mutilation both can refer to permanent or temporary changes to the human genitals.

When genital alterations are used for punishment, typically for rape, adultery or other socially forbidden sexual practices, such modifications have included castration (actual or chemical) or penectomy. Typically, female genital mutilation occurs in countries located in Africa, traditionally to welcome young girls into adulthood.

Female
This consists of removal and/or surgery of various parts of the female genitals, such as removal of the clitoral hood (Clitoridotomy), removal of the clitoris (Clitoridectomy) and sewing up the labia (Infibulation). When performed on minors, these procedures can be highly controversial.

Male
The removal of the foreskin for religious, social, aesthetic, or medical reasons (for phimosis or to reduce the chances of urinary tract infections, for example).

Elective genital alteration
In some cases, people elect to have their genitals pierced, tattooed or otherwise altered for aesthetic or other reasons.

Such modifications run the gamut from single to multiple piercings, small decorative marks to complete tattooing, urethral relocation, and, in males, subincision or even complete bisection.

Female genital modification surgery
Female genital enhancement surgery includes laser resurfacing of the labia to remove wrinkles and clitoral repositioning for those not achieving optimum stimulation as well as labiaplasty and vaginal tightening.

A designer vagina is a cosmetic surgery procedure and the result of that procedure. The procedure is also known as labiaplasty (a reduction of the labia minora, the flaps of skin which form the lips of a woman's genitalia and cover the clitoris and vaginal opening) and vaginal tightening (involving surgery on the interior of the vaginal vault). It is a type of genital modification.

Types of genital alteration
The procedures listed below are examples of genital alterations. Any of these changes may be considered modifications or mutilations by different groups of people.