Hepato-biliary diseases

Histopathological Findings of a Normal Liver


Viral hepatitis

 * Acute hepatitis A
 * Acute hepatitis B
 * Acute Hepatitis D
 * Acute hepatitis C
 * Acute hepatitis E
 * Chronic viral hepatitis
 * Other viral hepatitis viruses may exist but are not so firmly established as the previous ones: hepatitis G.

Histopathological Findings in Viral hepatitis


Histopathological Findings in Viral hepatitis with Fulminant Necrosis


==Liver dysfunction in other infectious diseases ==


 * Hepatitis:
 * cytomegalovirus infection
 * herpesviral: herpes simplex infection
 * Toxoplasmosis
 * Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis
 * Portal hypertension in schistosomiasis
 * Liver disease in syphilis
 * Epstein-Barr virus infection
 * yellow fever virus infection
 * rubella virus infection
 * leptospirosis
 * Echinococcosis
 * Amoebiasis

Other inflammatory liver diseases

 * liver abscess
 * autoimmune hepatitis
 * primary biliary cirrhosis
 * phlebitis of the portal vein
 * Granulomatous hepatitis
 * Hepatic granulomas in:
 * berylliosis
 * sarcoidosis

Alcoholic liver disease
This may cause fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis and sclerosis leading to cirrhosis and finally hepatic failure.

Histopathological Findings of Alcoholic Liver Disease


Toxic liver disease
This includes mostly drug-induced hepatotoxicity, which may generate many different patterns over liver disease, including Liver damage is part of Reye's syndrome.
 * cholestasis
 * necrosis
 * acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis of different forms,
 * cirrhosis
 * Effects of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
 * other rare disorders like focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatic granulomas, peliosis hepatis and veno-occlusive disease.

Histopathological Findings: Liver: Centrilobular Necrosis from Chloroform


Liver tumors
Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. The most frequent forms are metastatic malignant neoplasm of liver)
 * liver cell carcinoma
 * hepatocellular carcinoma
 * hepatoma
 * cholangiocarcinoma
 * hepatoblastoma
 * angiosarcoma of liver
 * Kupffer cell sarcoma
 * other sarcomas of liver

Benign neoplasm of liver include hepatic hemangiomas, hepatic adenomas, and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH).

End-stage liver disease
Chronic liver diseases like chronic hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse or chronic toxic liver disease may cause Cirrhosis may also occur in primary biliary cirrhosis. Rarely, cirrhosis is congenital.
 * hepatic failure and hepatorenal syndrome
 * fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver

Metabolic diseases

 * metabolic diseases (chapter E in ICD-10)
 * haemochromatosis
 * Wilson's disease
 * Gilbert's syndrome
 * Crigler-Najjar syndrome
 * Dubin-Johnson syndrome
 * Rotor's syndrome

Vascular disorders

 * chronic passive congestion of liver
 * central haemorrhagic necrosis of liver
 * infarction of liver
 * peliosis hepatis
 * veno-occlusive disease
 * portal hypertension
 * Budd-Chiari syndrome

Cysts

 * congenital cystic disease of liver
 * Cysts caused by Echinococcus

Others
Amyloid degeneration of liver

Gallbladder and biliary tract diseases

 * malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder
 * malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract
 * extrahepatic bile duct
 * ampulla of Vater
 * cholelithiasis
 * cholecystitis
 * others (excluding postcholecystectomy syndrome), but including
 * other obstructions of the gallbladder (like strictures
 * hydrops, perforation, fistula
 * cholesterolosis
 * biliary dyskinesia
 * K83: other diseases of the biliary tract:
 * cholangitis (including ascending cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis)
 * obstruction, perforation, fistula of biliary tract
 * spasm of sphincter of Oddi
 * biliary cyst
 * biliary atresia

=Diagnosis= In hepatology, important signs and symptoms include:
 * history of alcohol abuse
 * liver function tests
 * hepatomegaly
 * hypoalbuminemia and ascites
 * jaundice or icterus
 * Murphy's sign
 * liver biopsy

Autoimmune, Systemic

 * Amyloidosis
 * Autoimmune hepatitis
 * Burns
 * Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
 * Hodgkin's Lymphoma
 * Hyperthermia
 * Inflammatory Bowel Disease
 * Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
 * Osteomyelofibrosis
 * Polycythemia
 * Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
 * Primary sclerosing cholangitis
 * Sarcoidosis

Cholestatic

 * Extrahepatic cholestasis
 * Intrahepatic cholestasis

Infection

 * Amebiasis
 * Ascaris lumbricoides
 * Brucellosis
 * Canine roundworm
 * Coxsackie virus
 * Cytomegalovirus
 * Echinococcus granulosus
 * Echinococcus multilocularis
 * E.Coli
 * Entamoeba histolytica
 * Epstein-Barr Virus
 * German Measles
 * Hepatitis A-G
 * Herpes simplex
 * Human Herpesvirus Six (HHV6)
 * Klebsiella
 * Leptospirosis
 * Liver flukes
 * Malaria
 * Measles
 * Mumps
 * Parainfluenza
 * Plasmodium falciparum
 * Plasmodium ovale
 * Plasmodium vivax
 * Proteus
 * Rickettsia
 * Rickettsiosis
 * Rubella
 * Salmonella
 * Schistosoma japonicum
 * Schistosoma mansoni
 * Schistosomiasis
 * Staphylococcus aureus
 * Toxoplasma gondii
 * Toxoplasmosis
 * Trichinella spiralis
 * Trypanosoma cruzi
 * Tuberculosis
 * Varicella zoster
 * Yellow Fever

Liver Changes

 * Abscess
 * Adenomas
 * Alcoholic Hepatitis
 * Angiosarcoma
 * Autoimmune hepatitis
 * Biliary hepatitis
 * Cholangiocarcinoma
 * Chronic viral hepatitis
 * Cirrhosis
 * Colon Cancer
 * Cysts
 * Drug-induced hepatitis
 * Fatty liver
 * Focal nodular hyperplasia
 * Gastric carcinoma
 * Granulomatous hepatitis
 * Hemangiomas
 * Hematoma
 * Hepatitis in systemic diseases
 * Hepatocellular carcinoma
 * Hepatomas
 * Hodgkin's Lymphoma
 * Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
 * Pancreatic Cancer
 * Postoperative hematoma
 * Trauma
 * Wilson's Disease

Metabolic

 * Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
 * Budd-Chiari Syndrome
 * Congestive Heart Failure
 * Constrictive pericarditis
 * Cystic Fibrosis
 * Drugs, toxins
 * Fructose intolerance
 * Galactosemia
 * Gaucher's Disease
 * Glycogenosis
 * Hemochromatosis
 * Histiocytosis X
 * Hypertyrosinemia
 * Hypothyroidism
 * Hypoxia
 * Inferior vena cava web
 * Neimann-Pick Disease
 * Protoporphyria
 * Shock
 * Thrombosis
 * Tumor
 * Wilson's Disease

Other

 * Alcoholic Hepatitis
 * Fatty liver

Treatment
Includes:
 * Motivate patient to stop drinking alcohol
 * Vaccination for hepatitis
 * Eradication of causative pathogens
 * Liver transplantion
 * Cholecystectomy

Liver: Cryptococcosis


Liver: Cytomegalic inclusion disease


Liver: Echinococcus cyst


Liver: Histoplasmosis


Liver & Spleen in Malaria


Liver: Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency


Liver: Cardiac sclerosis (cardiac cirrhosis)


Liver: Centrilobular necrosis from chloroform


Liver: Chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis


Liver: Cirrhosis (micronodular)


Liver: Congenital cytomegalovirus disease


Liver: Erythroblastosis fetalis
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Fulminant hepatitis (massive hepatic necrosis)
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Liver: Hepatitis, yellow fever virus
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Herpes hepatitis
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Liver: Traumatic hemorrhage
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Liver: Viral hepatitis
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Liver: Viral hepatitis with fulminant necrosis
Fulminant hepatitis (massive hepatic necrosis) is an acute liver failure (<1 month) resulting in rapid hepatic compensation characterized by synthetic dysfunction (hypoglycemia, coagulopathy), coma (cerebral edema, hepatic encephalopathy) and associated with infectious, renal, pulmonary and metabolic complications.

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Liver: Wilson disease
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