Benjamin Spock

Benjamin McLane Spock (May 2, 1903 - March 15, 1998) was an American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care, published in 1946, is one of the biggest best-sellers of all time. Its revolutionary message to mothers was that "you know more than you think you do." Spock was the first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand children's needs and family dynamics. His ideas about childcare influenced several generations of parents to be more flexible and affectionate with their children, and to treat them as individuals, whereas the previous conventional wisdom had been that child rearing should focus on building discipline, and that, e.g., babies should not be "spoiled" by picking them up when they cried.

Life
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Spock was expected by his parents to help with the care of his five younger siblings. Spock's father was a lawyer for a railroad company. Spock received his undergraduate education from Yale University, where he became a member of Scroll and Key and the Zeta Psi fraternity, and was a rower. As member of the American eight crew, he won a gold medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, rowing an all-Yale eight, along with James Stillman Rockefeller, with whom he shared a Scroll and Key membership. (The 1924 Olympic Games were immortalized in the movie "Chariots of Fire", which, however, did not cover rowing)

Dr. Spock attended medical school at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, where he graduated first in his class in 1929. He did residency training in pediatrics at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University in Manhattan and then in psychiatry at Cornell's Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic.

He married his first wife, Jane Cheney, and they raised children. Jane also helped him with his books. She later claimed that she received insufficient credit.

During the Second World War, he served as a psychiatrist in the U.S. Navy Reserve Medical Corps, ending with the rank of lieutenant commander. After service, he held professorships at the University of Minnesota Medical School, the University of Pittsburgh, and at Case Western Reserve University.

Spock's baby book was a perennial bestseller. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, it outsold all other books in the Nonfiction category except the Bible. The royalties made him a wealthy man.

Spock was an ardent sailor: he kept one sailboat, named "Carapace", in the British Virgin Islands, where he frequently visited the Peter Island Yacht Club; he kept a smaller boat in Maine.

He owned a summer home in Maine and an apartment on Madison Avenue, in Manhattan.

In 1976, Dr. Spock married a second time, to Mary Morgan, who had formerly arranged speeches and workshops for him. They built a home near Rogers, Arkansas, on a lake, where Ben would row his scull early in the morning. Mary, the ex-wife of an Arkansas physician, quickly adapted to Ben's life of travel and political activism, and she was arrested with him several times for civil disobedience. She also introduced Ben to massage, yoga, and a macrobiotic diet, which reportedly improved his health. Mary helped him revise Baby and Child Care in 1976, incorporating non-sexist language and making other substantive changes.

For most of his life, Spock wore Brooks Brothers suits and shirts (with separate collars), but Mary Morgan got him to try blue jeans, at 75, for the first time in his life. She introduced him to Transactional Analysis therapists and other people in the Human Potential Movement. He adapted to her lifestyle, as she did to his.

He learned a great deal about life as a step-parent from Mary's daughter Ginger (Virginia) Councille, who was 11 when they met. Years later, he walked her down the aisle, as illustrated in biographies.

Spock died at his rented home in La Jolla, California after a long battle with cancer. The expenses of his treatment consumed most of his wealth.

Books
In 1946, Spock published his book The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, which became a bestseller. By 1998 it had sold more than 50 million copies. It has been translated into 39 languages. Later he wrote three more books about parenting.

Spock advocated ideas about parenting that were, at the time, considered out of the mainstream. Over time, his books helped to bring about a major change, if not a reversal, in the opinions of those who considered themselves to be the experts. Previously, experts had told parents that babies needed to learn to sleep on a regular schedule, and that picking them up and holding them whenever they cried would only teach them to cry more and not to sleep through the night (a notion that borrows from behaviorism). They were told to feed their children on a regular schedule, and that they should not pick them up, kiss them, or hug them, because that would not prepare them to be strong and independent individuals in a harsh world. Spock encouraged parents to see their children as individuals, and not to apply a one-size-fits all philosophy to them. The First Edition of Baby and Child Care followed the conventional wisdom on circumcision: he recommended it, although he was not circumcised himself (oddly enough, circumcision of gentile babies had first became fashionable in "Boston Brahmin" families like Spock's). In "The Sixth Edition" (1985) he wrote about circumcising healthy children, "There is no excuse for the operation &mdash; except as a religious rite. So I strongly recommend leaving the foreskin alone. Parents should insist on convincing reasons for circumcision &mdash; and there are no convincing reasons that I know of."

Later in life Spock wrote a book entitled "Dr. Spock on Vietnam" and co-wrote an autobiography entitled "Spock on Spock" (with Mary Morgan Spock), in which he stated his attitude toward aging: "Delay and Deny".

Other writers, such as Lynn Bloom and Thomas Maier, have written biographies of Dr. Spock.

Claims that Dr. Spock advocated permissiveness
Some have seen Spock as the leader in the move toward more permissive parenting in general, and have blamed him for what they saw as the negative results. Norman Vincent Peale claimed in the late 1960s that "the U.S. was paying the price of two generations that followed the Dr. Spock baby plan of instant gratification of needs." Vice President Spiro Agnew denounced him as the "father of permissiveness," claiming that Dr. Spock's child rearing principles encouraged lawlessness among young people in the 1960s.

Spock's supporters believed that these criticisms betrayed an ignorance of what Spock had actually written, and/or a political bias against Spock's left-wing political activities. Spock himself, in his autobiography, pointed out that he had never advocated permissiveness; also, that the attacks and claims that he had ruined American youth only arose after his public opposition to the Vietnam war. He regarded these claims as ad hominem attacks, whose political motivation and nature was clear. 

Sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome
Spock advocated that infants should be placed on their front when sleeping, commenting in his 1958 edition that "if [an infant] vomits, he's more likely to choke on the vomitus." This advice was extremely influential on health-care providers, with nearly unanimous support through to the 1990s. Later empirical studies, however, found that there is a significantly increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) associated with sleeping in this position. Advocates of evidence-based medicine have used this as an example of the importance of basing health-care recommendations on statistical evidence, with one researcher estimating that as many as 50,000 infant deaths in Europe, Australia, and the US could have been prevented had this advice been altered by 1970, when such evidence became available.

Politics
In 1957, Spock was one of the founders of The Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. Spock was politically outspoken and active in the movement to end the Vietnam War. In 1968 he was prosecuted by then Attorney General Ramsey Clark, alongside four other men, on charges of conspiracy to counsel, aid, and abet resistance to the draft. Spock and three of his alleged co-conspirators were convicted although the five had never been in the same room together. His two-year prison sentence was never served, as the case was appealed and in 1969 a federal court set aside his conviction.

In 1967, Spock was to be nominated as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s vice-presidential running mate at the National Conference for New Politics over Labor Day weekend in Chicago. However, according to William F. Pepper's Orders to Kill, the conference was broken up by agents provocateurs working for the government.

Spock was the People's Party candidate in the 1972 United States presidential election with a platform that called for free medical care, the repeal of "victimless crime" laws, including the legalization of abortion, homosexuality, and marijuana, a guaranteed minimum income for families and the immediate withdrawal of all American troops from foreign countries. In the 1970s and 1980s, Spock demonstrated and gave lectures against nuclear weapons and cuts in social welfare programs.

Spock embraced women's and girls' equality relatively early. Editions of Baby and Child Care issued in the mid-1970s were edited to refer to babies and children as "she" about half the time. This was a departure from the norm at that time. Especially among established authors of Spock's age, there was still a strong school of thought claiming that the pronoun "he" was correct for all persons unless speaking of a specific female or female matters. Spock's book was the first major/mainstream book to abandon that view and usage.

In 1972, Spock, Julius Hobson (his Vice Presidential candidate), Linda Jenness (Socialist Workers Party Presidential candidate), and Socialist Workers Party Vice Presidential candidate Andrew Pulley wrote to Major General Bert A. David, commanding officer of Fort Dix, asking for permission to distribute campaign literature and to hold an election-related campaign meeting. On the basis of Fort Dix regulations 210-26 and 210-27, General David refused the request. Spock, Hobson, Jenness, Pulley, and others then filed a case that ultimately made its way to the United States Supreme Court (424 U.S. 828 -- Greer, Commander, Fort Dix Military Reservation, et al., v. Spock et al), which ruled against the plaintiffs.

424 U.S. 828:

Election results:

See also an interview in The Libertarian Forum, December 1972. http://www.mises.org/journals/lf/1972/1972_12.pdf

Public misconceptions
Contrary to popular rumor, Dr. Spock's son did not commit suicide. Spock had two children: Michael, formerly the director of the Boston Children's Museum and since retired from the museum profession. However, Spock's grandson Peter did commit suicide on December 25 1983 at the age of 22 by jumping from the roof of the Boston Children's Museum. He had long suffered from schizophrenia. The sister of Peter Spock, Susannah Spock, received her Bachelor of Science degree from The Evergreen State College. Susannah has taken part in critical surveys on the Spotted Owl on the Olympic Peninsula, where she currently resides, and continues to be an environmental advocate.

It is common to see "Dr. Spock" confused with the fictional character "Mr. Spock" of Star Trek fame, particularly in references from people unfamiliar with the field of science fiction. Reportedly, Trek creator Gene Roddenberry did not intentionally name the character after Dr. Spock; this was a coincidence.

Dr. Spock in popular culture

 * Several Peanuts comic strips from the 1950s refer to him admiringly.
 * He is mentioned in passing by Kirstie Alley's character in the 1989 film Look Who's Talking (John Travolta's character thinks of Mr. Spock from Star Trek). Coincidentally, Alley played the Vulcan's protégé Saavik in the 1982 movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
 * He is also mentioned in Antonia S. Byatt's 1985 novel Still Life.
 * In the Star Trek novel Strangers from the Sky a time-traveling Mr. Spock is befriended by one of his human mother's ancestors, Dr. Grayson, who wonders if he's related to Benjamin Spock. Spock decides to allow Grayson to call him Ben.
 * The character Dr. Lipschitz in the animated series Rugrats may be a reference to or parody of Dr. Spock.
 * Dr. Spock was mentioned in a Gilmore Girls episode when G.G. (Chris' child) was behaving wildly.
 * His book Baby and Child Care is featured in Raising Arizona, where it is humorously referred to as "the manual".
 * On the "Rock the Cradle" episode of MacGyver, when MacGyver (played by Richard Dean Anderson) and Jack find a baby left at Jack's hangar, and Jack asks MacGyver a question about babies, MacGyver answers with: "Who do I look like? Dr. Spock?"
 * Towards the end of Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 Hunter S. Thompson tells ex-presidential candidate George McGovern that he "might have voted for Dr. Spock" had McGovern accepted Hubert Humphrey as his running mate. He actually could have: Spock appeared on the ballot in some states.
 * In the movie Daddy Day Care Steve Zahn's character, "Marvin", has the line, "I read Dr. Spock's book, 'Baby and Child Care'... it's not about Star Trek".
 * In one episode of The Golden Girls, while the women are taking care of a baby, Blanche mentions what Dr. Spock said about, to which Rose replies: "What does he know about kids? Besides, babies are raised in an incubator on Vulcan", a reference to the Star Trek character.
 * In Farscape episode 01x10, "They've got a secret", after the living spaceship on which much of the series is set becomes pregnant, American astronaut John Crichton wonders jokingly: "Is there some kind of What to Expect When You're Expecting Baby Leviathan book? Dr. Spock, Mr. Spock..."
 * In an episode of Alien Nation, George Francisco tells Matthew Sikes: "I don't need to learn about child care from your Mr. Spock." Sikes retorts: "Dr. Spock. Mr. Spock is one of you."
 * In an episode from the fifth season of the BBC Comedy Absolutely Fabulous, Saffy comments that all Eddy knows about child rearing is from Dr. Spock, to which Eddy takes great offense (more to the allusion of her being old rather than a bad mother).
 * In the movie, "Big Momma's House 2", with actor Martin Lawrence playing an undercover detective disguised as a black female nanny, he can be seen reading Dr. Spock's Baby Care Book and his FBI cohorts call him crazy.  Lawrence's character is also an expecting father.