Georg Friedrich Nicolai

Georg Friedrich Nicolai (1874-1964) was a German physiologist who studied at the University of Berlin, and later practiced medicine at the Charité in Berlin. He admired the works of physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, and with internist Friedrich Kraus published a book on electrocardiography titled Das Elektrokardiogramm des gesunden und kranken Menschen.

In 1914, at the onset of World War I, Nicolai composed an anti-war treatise called Manifesto to the Europeans. Only three other intellectuals in Germany signed Nicolai's manifesto; they being physicist Albert Einstein, astronomer Wilhelm Julius Förster and philosopher Otto Buek. During the war he published The Biology of War which was translated into several languages. In 1922 he emigrated to South America where he worked and taught in Argentina, and later Chile.

In the 1930s he wrote Das Natzenbuch (A Natural History of National Socialist Movement and of Nationalism in General), in which he denounces nationalism as "one of the greatest, possibly greatest danger to the further development of the human race".