Force-feeding

Force-feeding is the practice of feeding a person or an animal against his, her or its will.

Force-feeding of humans
Force-feeding should not be confused with other forms of enteral feeding, where a patient is intubated through the nose or mouth and fed because he or she is incapable of swallowing due to some medical condition, rather than because he or she refuses to eat.

In mental hospitals
Mental patients may be force-fed if they refuse to eat due to delusions, a loss of appetite, or a wish to die.

In prisons
On many occasions in the past prisoners have been force-fed by feeding tube when they went on hunger strike. It has been prohibited since 1975 by the Tokyo Declaration of the World Medical Association, provided that the prisoner is "capable of forming an unimpaired and rational judgment."

In the United Kingdom, force-feeding was used against suffragettes under the Cat and Mouse Act before World War I.

Under United States jurisdiction, force-feeding is frequently used in the sui generis U.S. military prison in Guantanamo Bay, prompting in March 2006 an open letter by 250 doctors from seven Western countries in the medical journal The Lancet, warning that, in their opinion, the participation of any doctor is contrary to the rules of the World Medical Association. Retired Major General Paul E. Vallely visited Guantanamo and reported on the process of force-feeding :

In December 6, 2006, the UN War Crimes Tribunal at The Hague approved the use of force-feeding of Serbian warlord Vojislav Šešelj. They decided it was not "torture, inhuman or degrading treatment if there is a medical necessity to do so...and if the manner in which the detainee is force-fed is not inhuman or degrading".

Coercive and torturous use
Force-feeding by naso-gastric tube may be carried out in a manner that can be categorised as torture, as it may be extremely painful and result in severe bleeding and spreading of various diseases via the exchanged blood and mucus, especially when conducted with dirty equipment on a prison population. Large feeding pipes are traditionally used on hunger striking prisoners whereas thin pipes are preferred in hospitals. Administering nutrients by intravenous drip is relatively painless.

Force-feeding of humans was a common practice in the USSR. A brief, first-person account of a force-feeding session given by Vladimir Bukovsky describes the procedure in detail: "The feeding pipe was thick, thicker than my nostril, and would not go in. Blood came gushing out of my nose and tears down my cheeks, but they kept pushing until the cartilages cracked. I guess I would have screamed if I could, but I could not with the pipe in my throat. I could breathe neither in nor out at first; I wheezed like a drowning man &mdash; my lungs felt ready to burst. The doctor also seemed ready to burst into tears, but she kept shoving the pipe farther and farther down. Only when it reached my stomach could I resume breathing, carefully. Then she poured some slop through a funnel into the pipe that would choke me if it came back up. They held me down for another half-hour so that the liquid was absorbed by my stomach and could not be vomited back, and then began to pull the pipe out bit by bit."

Force-feeding of pernicious substances may be used as a form of torture and/or physical punishment. Some practitioners of Falun Gong in the People's Republic of China allege being force-fed with harmful substances such as boiling water, concentrated salt solutions, hard alcohol and human excrement. While in prison in northern Bosnia in 1996, some Serbian prisoners have described being forced to eat paper and soap.

Sometimes it has been alleged that prisoners are forced to eat foods forbidden by their religion. The Washington Post has reported that Muslim prisoners in Abu Ghraib prison under the U.S.-led coalition described in sworn statements having been forced to eat pork and drink alcohol, both of which are strictly forbidden in Islam. Other prisoners described being forced to eat from toilets.

There are also cases in which force-feeding of harmful substances has been used by parents as a form of child abuse.

Sexual fetish
In BDSM, force-feeding is sometimes practiced as a sexual fetish, where the participants are in fact only pretending that it happens against the will of the one being fed.

Gavage for girls before marriage
In the past, force-feeding has also been a practice in some Middle Eastern and North African countries where fatness was considered a marriage asset in women; culturally, voluptuous figures were perceived as indicators of wealth. In this tradition, some girls are forced by their mothers or grandmothers to overeat, often accompanied by physical punishment (e.g. pressing a finger between two pieces of wood). The intended result is a rapid onset of obesity, and the practice may start at a young age and continue for years. This is still the paradoxal tradition in the rather undernourished Sahel country Mauritania, where it induces major health risks in the female population; some younger men claim no longer to insist on voluptuous brides, but the time-honored beauty norm remains part of the culture.

Force-feeding of animals
Force-feeding is also known as gavage, from a French word meaning "to gorge". This term specifically refers to force-feeding of ducks or geese in order to fatten their livers in the production of foie gras. Gavage can also refer to the practice of administering liquids (such as medicines) to laboratory animals via a tube or syringe.

Force-feeding of birds is practiced mostly on geese or male Mulard ducks, a Muscovy/Pekin hybrid. Preparation for gavage usually begins 4–5 months before slaughter. For geese, after an initial free-range period and treatment to assist in esophagus dilation (eating grass, for example), the force-feeding commences. Gavage is performed 2–4 times a day for 2–5 weeks, depending on the size of the fowl, using a funnel attached to a slim metal or plastic feeding tube inserted into the bird's throat to deposit the food into the bird's crop (the storage area in the esophagus). A grain mash, usually maize mixed with fats and vitamin supplements, is the feed of choice. Waterfowl are suited to the tube method due to a non-existent gag-reflex and extremely flexible esophagi, unlike other fowl such as chickens. These migratory waterfowl are also said to be ideal for gavage because of their natural ability to gain large amounts of weight in short periods of time before cold seasons. For this reason, gavage is usually a "finishing" stage before the bird is set for slaughter, for if left to its own devices after finishing, the bird will quickly return to its normal weight. The result of this practice is a severely enlarged, especially fatty liver, when if especially exaggerated is the liver disease hepatic lipidosis. The liver may swell up to 12 times its normal size (up to three pounds). While the livers are the coveted portions of these birds, the unctuous flesh of fattened geese and ducks as well as their feathers find a market.