Microscopic hematuria

Overview
Microscopic hematuria is a medical condition in which urine contains small amounts of blood. Blood quantity is too low to change the color of the urine (otherwise, it is known as frank hematuria).

Differential diagnosis of causes of microscopic hematuria
While not dangerous in itself, it can be a symptom of a chronic kidney disease, such as IgA nephropathy, which should be monitored by a doctor.

Common Causes
Common causes of macroscopic hematuria/ haematuria (i.e. blood visible in the urine) include:
 * Benign familial hematuria
 * Urinary Schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium) - a major cause for hematuria in many African and Middle-Eastern countries;
 * IgA nephropathy ("Berger's disease") - occurs during viral infections in predisposed patients;
 * Kidney stones (or bladder stones, now a rare disease);
 * Bladder cancer;
 * Renal cell carcinoma - occasionally presents with bleeding;
 * Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - a rare disease where hemoglobin of hemolysed cells is passed into the urine.
 * Urinary tract infection with some bacterial species including strains of EPEC and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
 * Sickle cell trait can precipitate large amounts of red blood cell discharge, but only a small number of individuals endure this problem
 * Arteriovenous malformation of the kidney (rare, but may impress like renal cell carcinoma on scans as both are highly vascular)
 * Nephritic syndrome ( a condition associated with post-streptococcal and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis.
 * Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) is a rare condition beginning from birth in which the ureter is blocked between the kidney and bladder. This condition may cause blood in the urine.

Differential Diagnosis
In alphabetical order.

Main Causes

 * Bladder carcinoma
 * Contamination during menstruation
 * Cystitis
 * Glomerulonephritis
 * Prostatic hypertrophy
 * Pyelonephritis
 * Prostatitis
 * Renal carcinoma
 * Stones
 * Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Other Causes

 * Acute/chronic Cystitis
 * Acute intestinal nephritis
 * Adenovirus
 * After Endocarditis
 * Allergic Granulomatosis
 * Alport's Syndrome
 * Analgesic kidney
 * Arteriosclerosis
 * Balkan Nephropathy
 * Beeturia
 * Benign familial hematuria
 * Berger's Disease
 * Bilharziosis
 * Bladder infiltration
 * Bladder tuberculosis
 * Calyx Diverticulum
 * Chemotherapeutics
 * Consumption coagulopathy
 * Crescentic glomerulonephritis
 * Cystic kidneys
 * Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
 * Dermatosclerosis
 * Diabetes Mellitus
 * Diabetic glomerulosclerosis/diabetic nephropathy
 * Drugs
 * ECHO viruses (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan)
 * E.coli
 * Endometriosis
 * Fabry's Disease
 * Factor lack
 * Filaria
 * Fistula
 * Focal glomerulotnephritis
 * Foods
 * Foreign body in urethra
 * Goodpasture's Syndrome
 * Heart failure
 * Heavy exercise
 * Hemoglobinopathy
 * Hemophilia
 * Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
 * Hemorrhage from bladder outlet
 * Hemorrhage from urethra
 * Hepatitis B
 * Hydronephrosis
 * Hypernephroma
 * Hypertension
 * Inflammation
 * Influenza
 * Injury
 * Kidney Amyloidosis
 * Kidney cell carcinoma
 * Kidney tuberculosis
 * Legionella Infection
 * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
 * Malignant Hypertension
 * Masturbation
 * Meatus Stenosis
 * Megaureter
 * Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
 * Metastases
 * Mononucleosis
 * Multiple Myeloma
 * Mycoplasma
 * Myoglobinuria
 * Nail-Patella Syndrome
 * Neoplasm
 * Nephrocalcinosis
 * Nephrolithiasis
 * Osler's Disease
 * Polyarteritis Nodosa
 * Polycystic Kidney Disease
 * Polycythemia Vera
 * Porphyria
 * Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
 * Plasmodium
 * Prostate adenoma
 * Prostate carcinoma
 * Prostate hyperplasia
 * Prostate tuberculosis
 * Pseudomonas
 * Pyelonephritis
 * Radiation nephropathy
 * Renal artery aneurysm
 * Renal cyst
 * Renal hyperplasia
 * Renal infarct
 * Renal pelvis carcinoma
 * Renal Stones
 * Renal trauma
 * Renal vein infarct
 * Renal Vein Thrombosis
 * Salmonella
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Schistosoma
 * Schonlein-Henoch's Disease
 * Shock
 * Shunt nephritis
 * Sickle Cell Anemia
 * Sponge kidney
 * Staphylococci
 * Streptococci
 * Thalassemia
 * Thin Basement Membrane Disease
 * Thrombocytopathies
 * Thrombocytopenia
 * Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
 * Toxins
 * Toxoplasma
 * Trauma
 * Traumatic kidney lesion
 * Trichinella Spiralis
 * Tubulointerstitial nephropathies, nephritis
 * Tumor
 * Urate nephropathy
 * Ureter carcinoma
 * Ureter tuberculosis
 * Urethra carcinoma
 * Urethral carbuncle
 * Urethral valves
 * Urethritis
 * Urethrolithiasis
 * Urogential tuberculosis
 * Urolithiasis
 * Urothelium carcinoma
 * Varicella
 * Vesical calculi
 * Vesico-ureteral-renal reflux
 * Warfarin therapy (overdose)
 * Wegener's Granulomatosis
 * Wilms' Tumor