Hypercholesterolemia secondary targets

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kashish Goel, M.D.

The Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome is identified as a secondary target of therapy in the NCEP ATP III guidelines, beyond LDL cholesterol. The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of multiple risk factors which are lipid and non-lipid in origin. The basic metabolic abnormality associated with the metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance. Two main factors are responsible for the development of insulin resistance which include abdominal obesity and physical inactivity. The definition of the metabolic syndrome includes:
 * Clinical Identification of the Metabolic Syndrome
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! Risk Factor !! Defining level
 * Abdominal Obesity: Men Women || Waist Circumference: >102 cm (>40 in) >88 cm (>35 in)
 * ''Triglycerides || ≥ 150 mg/dL
 * HDL cholesterol Men Women || <40 mg/dL <50 mg/dL
 * Blood pressure || ≥ 130/≥ 85 mmHg
 * Fasting glucose || ≥ 110 mg/dL
 * }
 * Blood pressure || ≥ 130/≥ 85 mmHg
 * Fasting glucose || ≥ 110 mg/dL
 * }
 * Fasting glucose || ≥ 110 mg/dL
 * }

Management
The management of the metabolic syndrome is multifold. It is considered as a secondary target for therapy after the LDL goal has been achieved. It mainly includes 3 main components:

Reducing Weight
Obesity is a major underlying risk factors for CHD. After the LDL goal has been achieved, targeted interventions towards weight reduction should be designed for each individual. This will help in reducing the LDL and reduce other risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Increasing Physical activity
Sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity are major risk factors for CHD. Regular physical activity raises HDL, reduces VLDL and may also lower LDL levels. It also helps in improving cardiovascular fitness and insulin resistance and should be a part of the regimen of each patients on LDL lowering therapy.

Reducing other Components of Metabolic Syndrome
In addition to the 2 main underlying risk factors (obesity and physical inactivity), it is important to modify the individual components of the metabolic syndrome. This would include better control of hypertension, use of aspirin for primary prevention to reduce the prothrombotic state), better control of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and treatment of elevated triglycerides and low HDL.