Biefeld–Brown effect

The Biefeld–Brown effect is an effect that was discovered by Thomas Townsend Brown (USA) and Dr. Paul Alfred Biefeld (CH). The effect is more widely referred to as electrohydrodynamics (EHD) or sometimes electro-fluid-dynamics, a counterpart to the well-known magneto-hydrodynamics. Extensive research was performed during the 1950s and 1960's on the use of this electric propulsion effect during the publicized era of gravity control propulsion research. During 1964, Major De Seversky had in fact published a lot of his related work in, and with the aim to forestall any possible misunderstanding about these devices, had termed these flying machines as ionocrafts. In the following years, many promising concepts had to be abandoned and forgotten due to the technological limitations, but at the same time, science has advanced a lot in the EHD field. The effect has only recently become popular again and such flying devices are now known as EHD thrusters. Simple single-stage versions lifted by this effect are sometimes also called lifters.

Effect analysis


The effect relies on corona discharge, which allows air molecules to become ionised near sharp points and edges. Usually, two electrodes are used with a high voltage between them, ranging from a few kilovolts and up to megavolt levels, where one electrode is small or sharp, and the other larger and smoother. The most effective distance between electrodes occurs at an electric field gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below the nominal breakdown voltage of air between two sharp points, at a current density level usually referred to as the saturated corona current condition. This creates a high field gradient around the smaller, positively charged electrode. Around this electrode, ionisation occurs, that is, electrons are stripped off the atoms in the surrounding medium, they are literally pulled right off by the electrode's charge.

This leaves a cloud of positively charged ions in the medium, which are attracted to the negative smooth electrode, where they are neutralized again. In the process, thousands of impacts occur between these charged ions and the neutral air molecules in the air gap, causing a transfer in momentum between the two, which creates a net directional force on the electrode setup. This effect can be used for propulsion (see EHD thruster), fluid pumps and recently also in EHD cooling systems.

However, this effect also works using either polarity for the electrodes: the small or thin electrode can be either positive or negative, leaving the larger electrode being of either negative or positive, respectively. On many experimental sites it is reported that the thrust effect of a lifter is actually a bit stronger when the small electrode is the positive one.

Interpretations
The effect has become something of a cause célèbre in the UFO world, where it is seen as an example of something much more exotic than electrokinetics. Charles Berlitz devoted an entire chapter of his book The Philadelphia Experiment to a retelling of Brown's early work with the effect, implying he had discovered some new electrogravity effect being used by UFOs. In fact Brown was fully aware of how the device worked, but that makes for a less interesting story. Today the Internet is filled with sites devoted to this interpretation of the effect (see below for some of the more profound sites).

An article by M. Tajmar (see below, or a summary) describes an experiment designed to test the possibility that this effect may need some other effect than ion winds for its explanation. No such effect was found, to the limit of experimental accuracy. In particular, no thrust could be observed in a vacuum.

Some people think that the Tesla coil might be related to this effect. In fact, when Tesla came to the USA he was supposedly carrying plans for a "flying machine". The only common factor between a Tesla coil and the Biefeld–Brown effect is that, in both of them, high voltage plays a vital role. High field gradients between electrode plates, can be produced by an AC circuit powered by Tesla coils.

Patents


T. T. Brown issued a number of patents on his discovery:


 * GB300311 — A method of and an apparatus or machine for producing force or motion (accepted 1928-11-15)
 * — Electrostatic motor (1934-09-25)
 * — Electrokinetic apparatus (1960-08-16)
 * — Electrokinetic transducer (1962-01-23)
 * — Electrokinetic generator (1962-02-20)
 * — Electrokinetic apparatus (1965-06-01)
 * — Electric generator (1965-07-20)

Historically numerous patents have been granted for various applications of the effect, from electrostatic dust precipitation, to air ionizers, and also for flight. A particularly notable patent — — was granted to G.E. Hagen in 1964, for apparatus more or less identical to the later so called 'lifter' devices. Other ionic US patents of interest: 2022465, 2182751, 2282401, 2295152, 2460175, 2636664, 2765975, 3071705, 3177654, 3223038, 3120363, 3130945

Biefeld Brown effect electrohydrodynamics

 * Blaze Labs Research: What is an EHD thruster? — Introduction on EHD thrusters, ionocrafts, lifters and lots of related information
 * Blaze Labs Research: Lifters in vacuum test Explains and tests EHD effect in a hard vacuum


 * NASA: Asymmetrical Capacitors for Propulsion (PDF)
 * Army Research Laboratory, Thomas B. Bahder:Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor
 * Electrified-Fluid-Mechanics — Plasma propulsion information
 * Thomas Townsend Brown: Electro-Gravity Device
 * ParaSETI ET Contact via Subtle Energies
 * PROJECT WINTERHAVEN
 * The Flying Saucer
 * Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology
 * The Hunt for Zero Point Inside the Classified World of Antigravity Technolog

Anomalous effects

 * Explanation of the Biefeld–Brown Effect as a gravitoelectric effect by Takaaki Musha (PDF)
 * Electrogravitics Systems — An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic counterbary and barycentric control (Gravity research group, Aviation Studies International Ltd.)
 * Townsend Brown and His Anti-Gravity Discs by Gaston Burridge