Elastomer

The term elastomer is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, and is preferred when referring to vulcanisates. Elastomer comes from two terms, elastic (describing the ability of a material to return to its original shape when a load is removed) and mer (from polymer, in which poly means many and mer means parts). Each link of the chain is the "-mer" or basic unit that is usually made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and/or silicon. To make the chain, many links or "-mers" are hooked or polymerized together. They are amorphous polymers existing above their glass transition temperature, so that considerable segmental motion is possible. At ambient temperatures rubbers are thus relatively soft (E~3MPa) and deformable. Their primary uses are for seals, adhesives and molded flexible parts.

Background
Elastomers are usually thermosets (requiring vulcanization) but may also be thermoplastic (see thermoplastic elastomer). The long polymer chains cross-link during curing. The molecular structure of elastomers can be imagined as a 'spaghetti and meatball' structure, with the meatballs signifying cross-links. The elasticity is derived from the ability of the long chains to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress. The covalent cross-linkages ensure that the elastomer will return to its original configuration when the stress is removed. As a result of this extreme flexibility, elastomers can reversibly extend from 5-700%, depending on the specific material. Without the cross-linkages or with short, uneasily reconfigured chains, the applied stress would result in a permanent deformation. [1]

Temperature effects are also present in the demonstrated elasticity of a polymer. Elastomers that have cooled to a glassy or crystalline phase will have less mobile chains, and consequentially less elasticity, than those manipulated at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer. [1]

It is also possible for a polymer to exhibit elasticity that is not due to covalent cross-links, but instead for thermodynamic reasons.

Mathematic justifications
Using the laws of thermodynamics, stress definitions and polymer characteristics (complete derivation in [1], pages103-105), we find ideal stress behavior:

$$ \sigma\ = n k T [ \lambda\ _ 1 ^ 2 + \lambda\ _ 1 ^ {-1} ] $$

where $$n$$ is the number of chain segments per unit volume, $$k$$ is Boltzmann's Constant, $$T$$ is temperature, and $$ \lambda\ _ 1 $$ is distortion in the 1 direction.

These findings are accurate for values of up to approximately 400% strain. At this point, alignment between stretched chains begins to result in crystallization from noncovalent bonding. [1]

While Young's Modulus does not exist for elastomers due to the nonlinear nature of the stress-strain relationship, a "secant modulus" can be found at a particular strain.

Examples of elastomers
Unsaturated rubbers that can be cured by sulfur vulcanization:
 * Mill-Right® N (NBR)
 * Natural Rubber (NR)
 * Polyisoprene (IR)
 * Butyl rubber (copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene, IIR)
 * Halogenated butyl rubbers (Chloro Butyl Rubber: CIIR; Bromo Butyl Rubber: BIIR)
 * Polybutadiene (BR)
 * Styrene-butadiene Rubber (copolymer of polystyrene and polybutadiene, SBR)
 * Nitrile Rubber (copolymer of polybutadiene and acrylonitrile, NBR), also called buna N rubbers
 * Hydrated Nitrile Rubbers (HNBR) Mill-Right® ES (Garlock Klozure), Therban® and Zetpol®
 * Chloroprene Rubber (CR), polychloroprene, Neoprene, Baypren etc.

Saturated Rubbers that cannot be cured by sulfur vulcanization:
 * EPM (ethylene propylene rubber, a copolymer faeces of polyethylene and polypropylene) and EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene rubber, a terpolymer of polyethylene, polypropylene and a diene-component)
 * Epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO)
 * Polyacrylic rubber (ACM, ABR)
 * Silicone rubber (SI, Q, VMQ)
 * Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ)
 * Fluoroelastomers (FKM, FPM) Viton®, Tecnoflon®, Fluorel® and Dai-El®
 * Mill-Right® V (FKM)
 * Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM)Kalrez®
 * Polyether Block Amides (PEBA)
 * Tetrafluoro ethylene/propylene rubbers (FEPM)
 * Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM), (Hypalon®)
 * Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)

Various other types of elastomers:
 * Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE), for example Hytrel®, etc.
 * Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV), for example Santoprene® TPV
 * Polyurethane rubber
 * Resilin, Elastin
 * Polysulfide Rubber