Waterborne diseases

Overview
Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. Contaminated drinking water used in the preparation of food can be the source of foodborne disease through consumption of the same microorganisms. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and is mostly concentrated on children in developing countries.

Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites.

Parasitic Infections
{| class="wikitable" ! Disease and Transmission ! Microbial Agent ! Sources of Agent in Water Supply ! General Symptoms
 * Schistosomiasis (immersion)
 * Schistosoma
 * Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes
 * Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
 * dracunculiasis
 * dracanculus medinensis
 * drinking water containing infective cyclops
 * allergic reaction,urticarial rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, asthmatic attack.
 * taeniasis solium
 * taenia solium
 * contaminate drinking water with eggs
 * intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis
 * fasciolosis
 * fasciola
 * contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria
 * GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice.
 * hymenolepiasis nana
 * hymenolepis nana
 * contaminated drinking water with eggs
 * mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation
 * hyatidosis
 * echinococcus granulosus
 * contaminated drinking water with eggs
 * hyatid cyst press on bile ductand blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock.
 * coenurosis
 * multiceps multiceps
 * contaminated drinking water with eggs
 * inreases intacranial tension
 * ascraiasis
 * ascaris lumbricoides
 * contaminated drinking water with eggs
 * Loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,
 * enterobiasis
 * entrobius vermicularis
 * contaminated drinking water with eggs
 * peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia
 * ascraiasis
 * ascaris lumbricoides
 * contaminated drinking water with eggs
 * Loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,
 * enterobiasis
 * entrobius vermicularis
 * contaminated drinking water with eggs
 * peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia
 * peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia

Bacterial infections

 * Botulism - Clostridium botulinum bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food


 * Campylobacteriosis


 * Cholera - Vibrio cholerae bacteria - gastro-intestinal often waterborne


 * Chronic granulomatous disease - caused by the Mycobacterium marinum infection and localized in skin, frequently occurred with aquarium keepers.


 * Diarrhoeal diseases - caused by the water contamination of Cryptosporidium parvum.


 * Dysentery - Shigella/Salmonella bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water


 * Legionellosis - cause Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease


 * Leptospirosis-


 * Otitis externa


 * Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis


 * Typhoid - Salmonella typhi bacteria - gastro-intestinal water/food borne


 * Vibrio illness caused by the bacteria of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus commonly found in seafood and recreational water.

Viral Infections

 * Adenovirus infection - its serotypes are typically waterborne.


 * Astroviruses -


 * Caliciviruses -


 * Circoviruses - its human form of Transfusion Transmitted Virus found in feces, saliva, skin and hair


 * Coronaviruses - cause SARS and excreted in the feces


 * Enteric Adenoviruses -


 * Hepatitis A - Hepatitis A virus - gastro-intestinal water/food borne


 * Parvoviruses - associated with Gastroenteritis.


 * Picobimaviruses - associated with Gastroenteritis in AIDS patients, children and elderlies.


 * Polio - polioviruses - gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated


 * Polyomaviruses - its human form of JC virus cause Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and detected in sewage


 * Small Round Structured Virus

Allergic infections

 * Hay fever - a part of disease rate is associated with the high frequency of swimming pool attendance in childhood
 * Meningitis
 * Trihalomethanes - a byproduct of chlorinated water which will cause bladder cancer through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools.