Emphysema history and symptoms

Overview
Emphysema occurs as a result of increased compliance of the lung tissue. After a prolonged period, hyperventilation becomes inadequate to maintain high enough oxygen levels in the blood. Symptoms commonly reflect this.

Symptoms
Symptoms include:
 * Shortness of breath on exertion (typically when climbing stairs or inclines, exercise intolerance and later at rest)
 * Hyperventilation
 * Expanded chest

Severe Emphysema

 * In extreme cases it could lead to cor pulmonale due the extra work required by the heart to get blood to flow through the lungs which may present as
 * Chest discomfort, usually in the front of the chest
 * Shortness of breath
 * Swelling of the feet or ankles
 * Symptoms of underlying disorders (wheezing, coughing)
 * Cyanosis (bluish decolorization usually in the lips and fingers) caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood
 * Patient may have confusion indicating an alteration of mental status.
 * Depression may be seen
 * Decreased fat-free mass, impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)

The most helpful information in diagnosis of COPD is provided by a combination of the following 3 signs


 * Self-reported smoking history of more than 55 pack-year


 * Wheezing on auscultation


 * Self-reported wheezing.