Microfungi

Microfungi are fungi, eukaryotic organisms such as molds, mildews and rusts, which exhibit tube tip-growth and have cell walls composed of chitin, a polymer of n-acetyl glucosamine. The microfungi are an artificial, paraphyletic group, distinguished from macrofungi only by the absence of a large multicellular fruiting body. Microfungi are ubiquitous in all terrestrial and freshwater and marine environments. Microfungi grow in plants, soil, water, insects, cow rumen, hair, and skin. Most of the fungal body consists of microscopic threads extending through the substrate in which it grows; these threads are called hyphae.

Many species are benign, making a quiet living as soil saprophytes, for example, largely unobserved by humans. Many thousands of microfungal species occur in lichens, forming symbiotic relationships with algae. Other microfungi such as those of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Neurospora come to our attention as moulds causing spoilage of fruit and bread. Penicillium species are also of value to man in the manufacture of blue cheeses and as the source of the antibiotic Penicillin, discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. The mycelia of microfungi produce thousands of tiny spores that are carried by the air, spreading the fungus.

Harmful microfungi
Microfungi can also be harmful, causing diseases of plants, animals and humans with varying degrees of severity and economic impact. The irritating human skin disease known as athlete's foot or tinea pedis is caused by species of the microfungal genus Trichophyton. Microfungi may cause diseases of crops and trees which range in severity from mild to disastrous, and in economic importance from beneficial to seriously costly. The mould Botrytis cinerea can cause spoilage of crops including grapes, but is also responsible for the "noble rot" which concentrates sugars in the Riesling grapes used to make the intensely sweet and concentrated Sauternes dessert wines from the Bordeaux region of France. The potato famine in Ireland during the mid to late 1800s was caused by a fungus called Phytophthora infestans that rotted the potato crops for several years. Dutch elm disease, which has ravaged elms across Europe and North America in the last 50 years, is caused by the microfungi of the genus Ophiostoma. Rice blast, a devastating fungal disease of cereals including rice, wheat and millet, is caused by the phytopathogenic Ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe grisea. In the built environment, the toxic fungus Stachybotrys chartarum causes damage to damp walls and furnishings, and may be responsible for sick building syndrome.

Types of epidermal microfungal infections are:
 * Yeast Infection
 * Athlete's Foot
 * Mycosis
 * Tinea
 * Candida

Diversity
Within the United States, approximately 13,000 species of microfungi on plants or plant products, are thought to exist. Specimens of microfungi are housed in the U.S. National Fungus Collections and other institutions that serve as reservoirs of information and documentation about our nation's natural heritage. Based on the number of species reported in the literature and those represented in the collections, the number of microfungi known in the United States is estimated at 29,000 species. In areas of the world where fungi have been well studied, the ratio of vascular plants to fungi is about 6 to 1. This suggests that there may be as many as 120,000 species of fungi within the United States and 1.5 million worldwide.