Herbert Graf

Herbert Graf (1903-1973) was an Austrian-American opera producer. Born in Vienna in 1903, Herbert Graf was the son of Max Graf (1873-1958), an eminent Austrian-Jewish author, critic, and musicologist.

Career in opera
In 1936, after holding operatic posts in Münster, Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland), Frankfurt and Salzburg, the 33-year-old Herbert Graf emigrated to the United States, where he became a successful and popular opera producer at New York's Metropolitan Opera (1936-1960). Graf had a strong sense of tradition and encouraged young operatic talent. In the late 1950s he returned to Europe, where he produced opera at London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, (1958-1959). After another year in New York, Graf settled in Switzerland, working at the Zürich Opera (1960-1963), and Geneva's Grand Théâtre (1965-1973).

Publications
Among the books written by Herbert Graf were The Opera and its Future in America (New York, W. W. Norton, 1941), Opera for the People (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1951), and Producing Opera for America (Zurich and New York, Atlantis Books, 1961).

Videography

 * Mozart: Don Giovanni (Grümmer, della Casa, Berger, Dermota, Siepi, Edelmann; Furtwängler, 1954) [live] VAI
 * Verdi: Aïda (Gencer, Cossotto, Bergonzi, Colzani, Giaiotti; Capuana, 1966) [live] Bel Canto Society
 * Strauss: Elektra (Nilsson, Rysanek, M.Dunn, Nagy, McIntyre; Levine, 1980) [live] Paramount

'Little Hans'
This was one of just a few case studies which Freud published. In his introduction to the case, he had in the years prior to the case been encouraging his friends and associates, including the parents of Little Hans, to collect observations on the sexual life of children in order to help him develop his theory of infantile sexuality. Thus Hans's father had been sending notes about the child's development to Freud before Little Hans developed his fear. At the age of five Herbert became a patient of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), who identified him in his writings as "Little Hans". He was the subject of an early but extensive study of castration anxiety and the Oedipal complex by Freud. Freud saw Herbert only once, did not analyze the child himself, but rather supervised the child's father (Max Graf) who carried out the analysis and sent extensive notes to Freud. In the published version, Hans' father's account is abridged and punctuated by Freud's own comments. When he was four years old Herbert was witness to a frightening event when he was at the local park in the company of the family's maid. A cart horse pulling a heavy load suddenly suffered some form of seizure and collapsed onto a bystander, killing them. Herbert became fearful of going out into the street, with his fear focused on horses and heavily loaded vehicles, which he was afraid would fall over. This fear was interpreted as a neurosis (equinophobia). Hans's father initially attributes the neurosis to 'sexual over-excitement caused by his mother's caresses'. and to fear caused by the large penises of horses. While not rejecting these explanations, Freud gradually encourages the father also to understand Hans' disorder in terms of the anxiety caused by the arrival of his younger sister and an inadequately satisfied curiosity as to the origin of babies. Although a number of sexual and excretal fantasies and anxieties (such as Oedipal wishes and castration anxiety) are explored during the case history, Freud does not ultimately explain the case in terms of these factors, and on occasion reproaches Hans's father for sticking too dogmatically to a rigidly Oedipal understanding of his son's anxiety. . Freud also regrets the parents' unwillingness to tell Hans the truth about coition. Freud wrote a summary of his treatment of "Little Hans", in 1909, in a paper entitled Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy. The information gathered from the father included reports of Herbert's dreams, his behavior, and his answers to the father's questions. Freud had recently written a book about the development of infantile sexuality, and he believed that what he learned from Herbert's situation backed up his theory. Herbert's fear was thought to be the result of several factors, including the birth of a little sister, his desire to replace his father as his mothers' sexual mate, emotional conflicts over masturbation, and others. The anxiety was seen as stemming from the incomplete repression and other defense mechanisms being used to combat the impulses involved in his sexual development. Herbert's behavior and emotional state improved after he was provided with sexual information by his father, and the two became closer.

Hans's analysis falls into two distinct stages, the first concerning the fear of horses themselves, and the second of the boxes and containers that they transported around Vienna. In the first phase, Hans is afraid that a white horse will bite him or come into his room, or will collapse and fall over. Freud interprets this as a fear of the father, fear that the father will punish him for his desires over the mother and to act aggressively towards the father. Since Hans's father was acting as analyst, Freud conjectures that this fear is impeding the progress of the treatment, something which he resolved by inviting Hans to see him (Freud) personally and explaining this fear to him: With this explanation I vanquished the most powerful resistance in Hans to conscious recognition of his unconscious thoughts, since it was his own father who was taking the role of his physician. From this moment on we had conquered the summit of his condition, the material flowed abundantly, the young patient showed courage in communicating the details of his phobia and soon intervened independently in the course of the analysis.

Following this, Hans becomes pre-occupied with excrement, which Freud and Hans's father help him to associate with the birth of babies. The carts and omnibuses are associated with the boxes which, according to the theory of reproduction that Hans has been given, storks use to bring new babies. Hans fears the arrival of more babies as this will further reduce the attention he receives from his mother, and expresses the wish that his baby sister should die. He also expresses the wish to have children of his own (with his mother) with his father elevated to the role of grandfather.

Hans's treatment is taken to be complete when he expresses two new fantasies: one which shows that he has overcome his castration anxiety, and one which consciously acknowledges his desire to be married to his mother. These fantasies coincide with the disappearance of his phobia.

Freud follows the case history with a 40-page assessment of the case in which he links it to his theory of sexuality. He claims that he has learned nothing from this case that he had not already deduced from his analysis of adults, but he is nonetheless "tempted to claim a typical and exemplary importance" for the case in view of the direct and immediate proof of his theories that it appears to provide.

In 1922, Freud wrote a short postscript to the case study, in which he reported that "Little Hans" had appeared in his office as a "strapping youth of nineteen", who "was perfectly well and suffered from no troubles or inhibitions". Minor revisions and additions to the case material were made in 1923-4.

H. J. Eysenck claims in his book "The Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire" that this was one of Freud's most blatant misrepresentations and a shocking example of the bizarre and unfounded interpretations psychoanalysis employs. Shortly before being sent to see Freud, Hans was witness to a traumatic accident in which a cart horse had a sudden fit (possibly a heart attack) and collapsed, falling onto a person who was instantly killed. This simple, common sense interpretation of a little boy's fear of horses was ignored by Freud, who insisted that it was an illustration of his own, more elaborate theories.

Though the famous play Equus, by British dramatist Peter Shaffer, concerns a psychologically aberrant boy's fascination with horses, the play neither resembles nor was inspired by the case of 'Little Hans'.