Mantoux test

Overview




The Mantoux test (or Mantoux screening test, Tuberculin Sensitivity Test,  Pirquet test, or PPD test for Purified Protein Derivative) is a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis. The Mantoux test is used in the United States and is endorsed by the American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multiple puncture tests such as the Tine test are not recommended. The Mantoux test is one of the two major tuberculin skin tests for tuberculosis used in the world. Until 2005, the Heaf test was used in the United Kingdom but the Mantoux test is now used.

History
Tuberculin is a glycerine extract of the tubercule bacilli. Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is a precipitate of non-species-specific molecules obtained from filtrates of sterilized, concentrated cultures. It was first described by Robert Koch in 1891. The test is named after Charles Mantoux, a French physician who developed on the work of Koch and Clemens von Pirquet to create his test in 1907.

Procedure
A standard dose of 5 Tuberculin units (0.1 mL) (The standard Mantoux test in the UK consists of an intradermal injection of 2TU of Statens Serum Institute (SSI) tuberculin RT23 in 0.1ml solution for injection. ) is injected intradermally (into the skin) and read 48 to 72 hours later. A person who has been exposed to the bacteria is expected to mount an immune response in the skin containing the bacterial proteins.

The reaction is read by measuring the diameter of induration (palpable raised hardened area) across the forearm (perpendicular to the long axis) in millimeters. No induration should be recorded as "0 mm". Erythema (redness) should not be measured.

If a person has had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test, another skin test is not needed.

Classification of tuberculin reaction
The results of this test must be interpreted carefully. The person's medical risk factors determine at which increment (5 mm, 10 mm, or 15 mm) of induration the result is considered positive. A positive result indicates TB exposure.


 * 5 mm or more is positive in
 * HIV-positive person
 * Recent contacts of TB case
 * Persons with nodular or fibrotic changes on chest x-ray consistent with old healed TB
 * Patients with organ transplants and other immunosuppressed patients


 * 10 mm or more is positive in
 * Recent arrivals (less than 5 years) from high-prevalence countries
 * Injection drug users
 * Residents and employees of high-risk congregate settings (e.g., prisons, nursing homes, hospitals, homeless shelters, etc.)
 * Mycobacteriology lab personnel
 * Persons with clinical conditions that place them at high risk (e.g., diabetes, prolonged corticosteroid therapy, leukemia, end-stage renal disease, chronic malabsorption syndromes, low body weight, etc)
 * Children less than 4 years of age, or children and adolescents exposed to adults in high-risk categories


 * 15 mm or more is positive in
 * Persons with no known risk factors for TB
 * (Note: Targeted skin testing programs should only be conducted among high-risk groups)

A tuberculin test conversion is defined as an increase of 10 mm or more within a 2-year period, regardless of age

False positive result
False positive result may be caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria or previous BCG vaccine. Prior BCG may result in a false-positive result for many years afterwards.

BCG vaccine and the Mantoux test
There is disagreement about the role of Mantoux testing in people who have been vaccinated. The US recommendation is that tuberculin skin testing is not contraindicated for BCG-vaccinated persons and that prior BCG vaccination should not influence the interpretation of the test. The UK recommendation is that interferon-γ testing should be used to help interpret positive Mantoux tests, and that serial tuberculin skin testing must not be done in people who have had prior BCG vaccination. Please refer to the chapter on latent tuberculosis for a discussion of the two approaches. In general, the US recommendation results in a much larger number of people being falsely diagnosed with latent tuberculosis, while the UK approach probably misses patients with latent tuberculosis who should be treated.

According to the US guidelines, latent TB infection (LTBI) diagnosis and treatment for LTBI is considered for any BCG-vaccinated person whose skin test is 10 mm or greater, if any of these circumstances are present:
 * Was in contact with another person with infectious TB
 * Was born or has lived in a high TB prevalence country
 * Is continually exposed to populations where TB prevalence is high.

Anergy testing
In principle, in cases of anergy, a lack of reaction by the body's defence mechanisms when foreign substances come into contact with the body, the tuberculin reaction will occur weakly, thus compromising the value of Mantoux testing. Anergy is present, for example, in AIDS, a disease which strongly depresses the immune system. Therefore, anergy testing is advised in cases where suspicion is warranted that it is present. However, routine anergy skin testing is not recommended. 

Two-step testing
Some people with LTBI may have negative skin test reaction when tested years after the infection. Initial skin test may stimulate (boost) the ability to react to tuberculin. Positive reactions to subsequent tests may be misinterpreted as a new infection.

Use two-step testing for initial skin testing of adults who will be retested periodically (e.g., health care workers).
 * Return to have first test read 48-72 hours after injection
 * If first test is positive, consider the person infected.
 * If first test is negative, give second test 1-3 weeks after first injection
 * Return to have second test read 48-72 hours after injection
 * If second test is positive, consider person infected
 * If second test is negative, consider person uninfected

A person who is diagnosed as "infected" on two-step testing is called a "tuberculin converter". The US recommendation that prior BCG-vaccination be ignored results in almost universal false diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in people who have had BCG (mostly foreign nationals). Please refer to the chapter on BCG for a discussion of boosting. The UK guidelines avoid this error.

Recent developments
As a replacement for the Mantoux test, several other tests are being developed. QuantiFERON-TB Gold is a blood test that measures the patient’s immune reactivity to the TB bacteria and is useful for initial and serial testing of persons with an increased risk of latent or active tuberculosis infection. Guidelines for the use of QuantiFERON-TB Gold were released by the CDC in December 2005. QuantiFERON-TB Gold is FDA approved in the United States, has CE Mark approval in Europe and has been approved by the MHLW in Japan.

Heaf Test
The Heaf test is a tuberculin skin test formerly used in the United Kingdom, but discontinued in 2005.

The equivalent Mantoux test positive levels done with 10 TU (0.1 mL 100 TU/mL, 1:1000) are
 * &lt;5 mm induration (Heaf 0-1)
 * 5-15 mm induration (Heaf 2)
 * &gt;15 mm induration (Heaf 3-4)