Paramecium

Paramecium is a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa formerly known as slipper animalcules from their slipper shape. They are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group. Paramecia range from about 50 to 350 μm in length, depending on species. Simple cilia cover the body which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion. There is also a deep oral groove containing inconspicuous compound oral cilia (as found in other peniculids) that is used to draw food inside. They generally feed upon bacteria and other small cells. Osmoregulation is carried out by a pair of contractile vacuoles, which actively expel water absorbed by osmosis from their surroundings.

Paramecia are widespread in freshwater environments, and are especially common in scums. Paramecia are attracted by acidic conditions. Certain single-celled eukaryotes, such as Paramecium, are examples for exceptions to the universality of the genetic code (translation systems where a few codons differ from the standard ones).

Physiology
The paramecium is a prolate spheroid, rounded at the front and pointed at the back. The pellicle is a stiff but elastic membrane that gives the paramecium its definite shape. Covering the pellicle are many tiny hairs, called cilia. On the side beginning near the front end and continuing down half way is the oral groove, which collects food until it is swept into the cell mouth. There is an opening near the back end called the anal pore. The contractile vacuole and the radiating canals are also found on the outside of a paramecium.

The paramecium contains cytoplasm, trichocysts, the gullet, food vacuoles, the macronucleus, and the micronucleus. These structures have the following functions:


 * Cilia- enable the paramecium to move and sweep food into the oral groove
 * Oral Groove- where food enters
 * Anal Pore- disposes of waste
 * Contractile Vacuole- contracts and forces extra water out of the cell
 * Radiating Canals- paths to the contractile vacuole
 * Cytoplasm- intercellular fluid which helps the paramecium carry out functions
 * Trichocyst- used for defense
 * Gullet- forms food vacuoles
 * Food Vacuole- storage pocket for food
 * Macronucleus- larger nucleus which performs normal cell functions
 * Micronucleus- smaller nucleus which is responsible for sexual reproduction, without this nucleus the cell can only reproduce asexually

Locomotion
For the paramecium to move forward its cilia beat on an angle, backward. This means that the paramecium moves by spiralling through the water on an invisible axis. For the paramecium to move backward, the cilia simply beat forward on an angle. If the paramecium should run into a solid object, the cilia change direction and beat forward, causing the paramecium to go backward. The paramecium turns slightly and goes forward again. If it runs into the solid object again it will repeat this process until it can get past the object.

Gathering food
Paramecium feed on micro-organisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. In order to gather its food the paramecium uses its cilia to sweep the food along with some water into the cell mouth after it falls into the oral groove. The food goes through the cell mouth into the gullet, which is like the stomach. When there is enough food in it so that it has reached a certain size it breaks away and forms a food vacuole. The food vacuole travels through the cell, through the back end first. As it moves along enzymes from the cytoplasm enter the vacuole and digest it. The digested food then goes into the cytoplasm and the vacuole gets smaller and smaller. When the vacuole reaches the anal pore the remaining undigested waste is removed.

Symbiosis
One of the most interesting symbiosis relationships known to man is that of Paramecium aurelia and its bacterial endosymbionts. The bacteria infect the protozoa and they produce toxic particles that kill sensitive strains but not killer strains. Giant amoeba, for instance, have 2 types of endosymbiotes, which seem to function as mitochondria in these amoeba. Another example involves protozoa bacteria that produce cellulases that assist the protozoa in cellulose digestion.It is a cell that appears at quiet ponds.

Genome
The paramecium genome has been sequenced (species: Paramecium Tetraurelia), providing evidence for three whole genome duplication.

In some ciliates, like Stylonychia and Paramecium, only UGA decoded as a stop codon, while UAG and UAA are reassigned as sense codons.