Pediatric urology

Overview
Pediatric urology is a surgical subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems. Pediatric urologists provide care for both boys and girls ranging from birth to early adult age. The most common problems are those involving disorders of urination and testes.

Some of the problems they deal with are:
 * Bladder control problems such as enuresis and daytime urinary incontinence
 * Undescended testes (cryptorchidism)
 * Hypospadias
 * Urolithiasis (bladder and kidney stones)
 * Chordee and other minor malformations of the penis
 * Phimosis
 * Urinary obstruction and ureteral reflux
 * Neurogenic bladder (e.g., associated with spina bifida)
 * Tumors and cancers of the kidneys
 * Repair of genitourinary trauma
 * Genitourinary malformations and birth defects
 * Prune belly syndrome
 * Cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy, and epispadias
 * Ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions

In North America, most pediatric urologists are associated with children's hospitals. Training for board certification in pediatric urology typically consists of a surgery internship as part of a urology residency followed by subspecialty training in pediatric urology at a major children's hospital.