Lives at Risk

Lives at Risk is an analysis of modern health care systems. It examines the flaws of current health care systems and proposes reforms for the American health care system. In doing so it it examines twenty common assumptions about government involvement in health care systems which they argue are myths. The book continues on to discuss the economics and politics behind health care in the United States, and proposes market based reforms.

Introduction
It begins by examining how three fundamental facts about health care systems.


 * 1) The potential exists to spend the entire US GDP on health care in useful ways.
 * 2) As time goes on, Americans desire to spend more of their income on health care.
 * 3) The US has suppressed normal market forces in dealing with 1 and 2.

The authors contend that Americans could potentially spend their entire GDP on medical testing alone. They further explain that as people become older and wealthier, they naturally spend more of their money on health care. They explain how the suppression of normal market forces, in conjunction with the first two facts, has created the problems currently faced with health care in the United States and abroad.

Problems with national systems
The authors examine whether countries other than the United States have been able to solve the problems listed above. Since the stated goals of national health insurance are often to make health care available based on need rather than ability to pay, they state that


 * 1) national health care systems lead to rationing in the form of waiting lists
 * 2) access to health care is correlated with income under national systems
 * 3) too much money is spent on the healthy, while the most critically sick are denied access to specialized care and technology

They claim that this situation is the natural result of putting politicians in charge of health care, as the policies tend to maximize the number of voters serviced rather than achieving the goals of equality.

Trends in national systems
The authors explain that most European countries with a national health care system have introduced market based reforms and relied on the private sector to reduce costs and increase the availability and effectiveness of health care. Some examples include


 * 1) the NHS has begun treating patients in private hospitals and contracting with private health care providers
 * 2) the Canadian health care system spends over a billion dollars annually on U.S. medical care
 * 3) Sweden has introduced reforms to allow more than forty percent of all heal care services to be delivered privately

Goals of the book
The authors state that the goal of the book is to dispel myths about health care as delivered in countries with national health insurance. Further, they desired to explain why the American system is bad, why the nationalized systems are worse, and how to reform the American system without making the same mistake made by many other countries.

Right to health care
While health care is not a right in the ordinary sense of the term, many people refer to it as such while calling for government entitlement programs. According to the book, citizens in countries with national health care systems do not have an entitlement to health care. The only country in the world that provides an entitlement to any health care service is the United States, whose citizens are legally entitled to kidney dialysis treatment. Citizens of other countries are not entitled to any particular treatment. While many citizens under national health care systems are allowed to wait in line for services, they are not even entitled to hold a place in line, as other patients may jump the queue.

Equality under national systems
The elderly, minorities, and rural areas are all discriminated against in national systems. National systems do not make care available based on need.

The British National Health Service was championed in 1950s as a way to end inequalities in health care. After thirty years the Black Report found inequality had not changed, and after fifty years the Acheson Report found that it had widened. Furthermore, health care quality in different parts of Britain varies greatly, with higher quality care being found in the wealthier areas.

Large geographic disparity in health care has been observed in Canada as well, where the amount of money spent on urban patients was many times larger than that spent on rural patients. High profile Canadian patients such as politicians and the wealthy enjoy more frequent services, shorter waiting times, and greater choice in specialists.

Quality of health care
Priorities do not go towards having the greatest impact on health. Outcomes of national systems are of lower quality. Modern technology is less available under national systems. Prescription drugs are less available under national systems.

Costs and efficiency
Administrative costs, costs to patients, and unnecessary care go up while efficiency goes down. Citizens under national health care system do not get more preventative care than Americans. The overhead of managed care systems in the US is less than that of national systems.

A national system would not improve America's international competitiveness in industry.

Costs of prescription drugs are comparable in national systems and in the US.

Public opinion
Public opinion of national health care has decreased rapidly since its inception in various countries.

Reform
Large organizations such as car manufacturers, cities, or states do not need federal action to implement single payer systems.