First pharyngeal arch

Overview
The first branchial arch, also called the first pharyngeal arch and mandibular arch, is the first of six branchial arches that develops in fetal life. It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove.

Processes
This arch divides into a maxillary process and a mandibular process, giving rise to structures including the bones of the lower two-thirds of the face and the jaw. The maxillary process becomes the maxilla (or upper jaw), and palate while the mandibular process becomes the lower jaw. This arch also gives rise to the muscles of mastication.

Innervation of the two processes of the first branchial arch is provided by two distinct branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the mandibular and maxillary branches. The artery of the first arch is the first aortic arch, which partially persists as the maxillary artery.

Meckel's cartilage
Meckel's cartilage forms in the mesoderm of the mandibular process and eventually regresses to form the incus and malleus of the middle ear; the anterior ligament of the malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament. The mandible or lower jaw forms by intramembranous ossification using Meckel's cartilage as a 'template', but the mandible does not arise from direct ossification of Meckel's cartilage.

Derivatives of the first arch
Derivatives of the first arch:
 * Ectodermal and endodermal
 * mucous membrane and glands of the anterior two thirds of the tongue
 * Mesodermal
 * muscles of mastication (chewing)
 * masseter
 * pterygoid muscles
 * temporalis muscles
 * mylohyoid muscle
 * digastric muscle, anterior belly
 * tensor palati muscle
 * tensor tympani muscle