Oliver Smithies

Oliver Smithies (born July 23, 1925) is a British-born American geneticist and Nobel laureate, credited with the invention of gel electrophoresis in 1950, and the simultaneous discovery, with Mario Capecchi, of the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice.

Early life
Smithies was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. He has said that his love of science comes from an early fascination with radios and telescopes.

Smithies read Physiology for a BA First class 1946 and then earned a second bachelor's degree in chemistry. He also received a MA 1951 and a DPhil in Biochemistry in 1951 at Balliol College, Oxford. On scholarship to Oxford, Smithies dropped out of medical school to study chemistry instead.

Professional positions and research
From 1953 to 1960, Smithies worked in the Connaught Medical Research Laboratory, University of Toronto, Canada, due to visa problems, before he could return to his originally planned post as Assistant, Associate and Leon J. Cole and Hilldale Professor of Genetics and Medical Genetics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he worked from 1960 to 1988.

Since 1988, Smithies has been designated an Excellence Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Smithies also works at the Duke University Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy

Smithies' work has advanced research in cystic fibrosis and could possibly have applications in other human diseases. Along with gel electrophoresis, he developed gene targeting, a method of creating mice with more human-like characteristics for use in research.

He and Mario Capecchi both came to the same discoveries regarding gene targeting independently. Smithies developed the technique while at the University of Wisconsin.

In 2002, Smithies worked along with his wife, Dr. Nobuyo Madea, studying high blood pressure using genetically altered mice. As of 1995, he still worked in his lab seven days a week.

Awards and honors
On October 8, 2007, Smithies was announced as co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Mario Capecchi of the University of Utah and Martin Evans of Cardiff University for their work on gene targeting. He is the first full professor at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill to receive a Nobel Prize. The team had been nominated several times previously for the Prize.

In 1990, Smithies received the Gairdner Foundation International Award for contributions to medical science. The award is often considered a precursor to the Nobel Prize in Medicine, and Smithies won it twice. He also won the Alfred P. Sloan Award from the General Motors Foundation, the Ciba Award from the American Heart Foundation, and the Bristol Myers Squibb Award. In 1993, he won the North Carolina Award for Science. Smithies won the International Okamoto Award from the Japan Vascular Disease Research Foundation in 2000, a prize with one million yen ($10,000); he accepted the award at the Gion Festival in Japan. In 2001, Smithies was a recipient of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with Martin Evans and Mario Capecchi for their work on homologous recombination; the award is often seen as an "American Nobel." In 2002, Smithies was given the O. Max Gardner Award, the highest award for faculty in the University of North Carolina system, along with the 2002 Massry Award along with Capecchi for their pioneering work on genes. The Massry Prize is awarded by the Meira and Shaul G. Massry Foundation of Beverly Hills, California, and the winner receives $40,000 along with a gold medal.
 * 1971 - Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.
 * 1978 - Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 * 1986 - Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
 * 1998 - American Association of Medical Colleges' Award for Distinguished Research was awarded to Smithies and Capecchi.
 * 1998 - Elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

In 2003, Smithies was elected to the U.S. Institute of Medicine, one of the highest honors given to U.S. health professionals. Also in 2003, Smithies received the Wolf Prize in Medicine, the third most prestigious award in medicine, along with Mario Capecchi and Ralph L. Brinster. In 2005, the USA charity March of Dimes awarded their $250,000 annual prize in Developmental Biology for research in gene targeting jointly to Smithies and Mario Capecchi.

Smithies was given an honorary degree by the University of Chicago in 1991.

Personal life
Despite being color-blind, Smithies is a licensed private airplane pilot who owns three airplanes and enjoys gliding. Smithies became a naturalized American citizen. His wife, Nabuyo Maeda, is a pathology professor at UNC; he was previously married to Louise Kitze, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin. After Maeda did not get offered a job from Wisconsin and was hired instead by UNC, Smithies moved to Chapel Hill as well.