Infant botulism (patient information)

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Editor-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S.,M.D. [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.

Overview
Infant botulism is a potentially life-threatening disease in which the bacteria Clostridium botulinum grows within the baby's gastrointestinal tract.

What are the symptoms of Infant botulism?

 * Breathing stops or slows
 * Constipation
 * Eyelids sag or partially close
 * Infant appears "floppy"
 * Infant doesn't gag
 * Loss of head control
 * Paralysis that spreads downward
 * Poor feeding and weak suckling
 * Respiratory failure
 * Tired all the time (lethargy)
 * Weak cry

What causes Infant botulism?

 * Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming organism that is common in nature. The spores may be found in soil and certain foods (such as honey and some corn syrups).


 * Infant botulism occurs mostly in young infants between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. It has been reported to occur as early as 6 days and as late as 1 year.

Who is at highest risk?
Risk factors include swallowing honey as a baby, being around contaminated soil, and having less than one stool per day for a period greater than 2 months.

When to seek urgent medical care?
Since infant botulism can be life threatening, go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) immediately if your infant has symptoms of botulism.

Diagnosis

 * The doctor will perform a physical exam. The doctor may note decreased muscle tone, a missing or decreased gag reflex, missing or decreased deep tendon reflexes, and eyelid drooping.


 * A stool sample from the baby may be examined to check for the botulinum toxin or bacteria.


 * Electromyography (EMG) can be done to help tell the difference between muscle and neurological problems.

Treatment options

 * Botulism immune globulin is the main treatment for this condition. Infants that receive this treatment have shorter hospital stays and less severe illness.


 * Any infant with botulism must receive supportive care during their recovery. This includes:
 * Ensuring proper nutrition
 * Keeping the airway clear
 * Watching for breathing problems


 * If breathing problems develop, breathing support, including the use of a breathing machine, may be needed.


 * Antibiotics do not appear to help the baby improve any faster, and are not needed unless another bacterial infection such as pneumonia develops.


 * The use of human-derived botulinum antitoxin may also be helpful.

Where to find medical care for Infant botulism?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Infant botulism

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

 * Full recovery is expected with early recognition and supportive treatment.


 * Death or permanent disability may result in complicated cases.

Possible complications
Respiratory insufficiency can develop, requiring assistance with breathing (mechanical ventilation).

Prevention
Theoretically, the disease might be avoided by preventing exposure to spores. Since honey and corn syrup are sources of Clostridium spores, they should not be fed to infants less than 1 year old.

Source
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001384.htm