Gloria Hemingway

Gloria Hemingway (12 November 1931 – 1 October 2001), known previously as Gregory Hemingway, was the fourth and youngest child of famed author Ernest Hemingway and his second wife Pauline Pfeiffer. She was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1931. Hemingway died in 2001 of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Miami-Dade Women's Detention Center. For years Hemingway had been a transsexual and eventually had sex reassignment surgery. She was due to appear in court on the day that she died, facing charges of indecent exposure and resisting arrest without violence.

Hemingway was a doctor, but the authorities in Montana chose not to renew her medical license in 1988 because of her ongoing alcoholism. She had also battled bipolar disorder and drug abuse for many years.

Hemingway was married four times. Her last marriage, to Ida, ended in divorce in 1995 after three years. She underwent a sex change procedure that same year and, in a 1997 ceremony in Washington, they remarried. Upon her death the legitimacy of the marriage was called into question. Her £4.2m ($7m) estate was left to widow Ida, but her children challenged the inheritance, claiming that Ida could not be a widow as the marriage was not legal (her home state of Florida does not recognise same-sex marriages). The parties eventually reached an undisclosed settlement.

Before the sex reassignment surgery, Hemingway fathered eight children: Patrick, Edward, Sean, Brendan, Vanessa, Maria, John and Lorian.

Hemingway wrote an account of her father's life and the strained relationship they had. Entitled Papa: A Personal Memoir it was published in 1976 with a preface by Norman Mailer and detailed the cause of the bad feelings and years of estrangement. Daughter Lorian Hemingway went on to write about her father in the 1999 Pulitzer Prize nominated book Walk on Water: A Memoir.