Erinaceidae

Erinaceidae is the only living family in the order of the Erinaceomorpha. It contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of South-east Asia. This family was once considered part of the order Insectivora, but that polyphyletic order is now considered defunct.

Characteristics
Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails. They are, however, much larger than shrews, ranging from 10-15 cm in body length and 40-60 grams in weight, in the case of the Short-tailed Gymnure, up to 26-45 cm and 1-1.4 kilograms in the Greater Moonrat. All but one species have five toes in each foot, in some cases with strong claws for digging, and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs possess hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. All species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor.

Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally bird's eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is:

Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so, and may be active during the day. Many species live in simple burrows, while others construct temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young.

Female erinaceids give birth a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.

Evolution
Erinaceids are a relatively primitive group of placental mammals, having changed little since their origin in the Eocene. The so-called 'giant hedgehog' (actually a gymnure) Deinogalerix, from the Miocene of Italy, was the size of a large rabbit, and may have eaten vertebrate prey or carrion, rather than insects.

Classification
There are 10 genera and 24 species of erinaceid.


 * ORDER ERINACEOMORPHA
 * Family Erinaceidae
 * Subfamily Erinaceinae (Hedgehogs)
 * Genus Atelerix
 * Four-toed Hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris
 * North African Hedgehog, Atelerix algirus
 * Southern African Hedgehog, Atelerix frontalis
 * Somali Hedgehog, Atelerix sclateri
 * Genus Erinaceus
 * Amur Hedgehog, Erinaceus amurensis
 * Southern White-breasted Hedgehog, Erinaceus concolor
 * West European Hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus
 * Northern White-breasted Hedgehog, Erinaceus roumanicus
 * Genus Hemiechinus
 * Long-eared Hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus
 * Indian Long-eared Hedgehog, Hemiechinus collaris
 * Genus Mesechinus
 * Daurian Hedgehog, Mesechinus dauuricus
 * Hugh's Hedgehog, Mesechinus hughi
 * Genus Paraechinus
 * Desert Hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus
 * Brandt's Hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelas
 * Indian Hedgehog, Paraechinus micropus 
 * Bare-bellied Hedgehog, Paraechinus nudiventris
 * Subfamily Galericinae (Gymnures, or Moonrats)
 * Genus Echinosorex
 * Greater Moonrat, Echinosorex gymnura
 * Genus Hylomys
 * Long-eared Gymnure, Hylomys megalotis
 * Dwarf Gymnure, Hylomys parvus
 * Short-tailed Gymnure or Lesser Moonrat, Hylomys suillus
 * Genus Neohylomys
 * Hainan Gymnure, Neonylomys hainanensis
 * Genus Neotetracus
 * Shrew Gymnure, Neotetracus sinensis
 * Genus Podogymnura
 * Dinagat Gymnure, Podogymnura aureospinula
 * Mindanao Gymnure, Podogymnura truei