Praseodymium


 * For other meanings of the abbreviation Pr, see PR.

Praseodymium ( or ) is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59.

Notable characteristics
Praseodymium is a soft silvery metal in the lanthanide group. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that spalls off when exposed to air, exposing more metal to oxidation. For this reason, praseodymium should be stored under a light mineral oil or sealed in glass.

Applications
Uses of praseodymium:


 * cubic- zirconia (with no coloring ) although most compounds are green
 * As an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals that are used in aircraft engines.
 * Praseodymium forms the core of carbon arc lights which are used in the movie studio|motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights.
 * Praseodymium compounds give glasses and enamels a yellow color.
 * Praseodymium is used to color cubic zirconia yellow-green, to simulate peridot.
 * Praseodymium is a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles.
 * The group of Dr. Matthew Sellars of the Laser Physics Centre at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia slowed down a light pulse to a few hundred meters per second using praseodymium mixed with silicate crystal.
 * Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (PrNi5) has such a strong magnetocaloric effect that it has allowed scientists to approach within one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero.
 * Doping Praseodymium in fluoride glass can be used as single mode fiber amplifier
 * Praseodymium oxide in solid solution with ceria, or with ceria-zirconia, have been used as oxidation catalysts.

History
The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasios, meaning green, and didymos, twin. Praseodymium is frequently misspelled as praseodynium.

In 1841, Mosander extracted the rare earth didymium from lanthana. In 1874, Per Teodor Cleve concluded that didymium was in fact two elements, and in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samarium, from didymium obtained from the mineral samarskite. In 1885, the Austrian chemist baron Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymium into two elements, praseodymium and neodymium, which gave salts of different colors.

Leo Moser (not to be confused with Leo Moser, a mathematician) investigated the use of praseodymium in glass coloration in the late 1920s. The result was a yellow-green glass given the name "Prasemit". However, a similar color could be achieved with colorants costing only a minute fraction of what praseodymium cost in the late 1920s, such that the color was not popular, few pieces were made, and examples are now extremely rare. Moser also blended praseodymium with neodymium to produce "Heliolite" glass ("Heliolit" in German), which was more widely accepted. The first enduring commercial use of praseodymium, which continues today, is in the form of a yellow-orange stain for ceramics, "Praseodymium Yellow", which is a solid-solution of praseodymium in the zirconium silicate (zircon) lattice. This stain has no hint of green in it. By contrast, at sufficiently high loadings, praseodymium glass is distinctly green, rather than pure yellow.

Praseodymium has historically been a rare earth whose supply has exceeded demand. Unwanted as such, much praseodymium has been marketed as a mixture with lanthanum and cerium, or "LCP" for the first letters of each of the constituents, for use in replacing the traditional lanthanide mixtures that were inexpensively made from monazite or bastnaesite. LCP is what remains of such mixtures, after the desirable neodymium, and all the heavier, rarer and more valuable lanthanides have been removed, by solvent extraction. However, as technology progresses, praseodymium has been found possible to incorporate into neodymium-iron-boron magnets, thereby extending the supply of the much in demand neodymium. So LC is starting to replace LCP as a result.

Occurrence
Praseodymium is available in small quantities in Earth’s crust (9.5 ppm). It is found in the rare earth minerals monazite and bastnasite, typically comprising about 5% of the lanthanides contained therein, and can be recovered from bastnasite or monazite by an ion exchange process, or by counter-current solvent extraction.

Praseodymium also makes up about 5% of misch metal.

Compounds
Praseodymium compounds include:


 * Fluorides: PrF2, PrF3, PrF4
 * Chlorides: PrCl3
 * Bromides: PrBr3, Pr2Br5
 * Iodides: PrI2, PrI3, Pr2I5
 * Oxides: PrO2, Pr2O3, Pr6O11
 * Sulfides: PrS, Pr2S3
 * Selenides: PrSe
 * Tellurides: PrTe, Pr2Te3
 * Nitrides: PrN

See also praseodymium compounds.

Isotopes
Naturally occurring praseodymium is composed of one stable isotope, 141Pr. Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 143Pr with a half-life of 13.57 days and 142Pr with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has six meta states with the most stable being 138mPr (t½ 2.12 hours), 142mPr (t½ 14.6 minutes) and 134mPr (t½ 11 minutes).

The isotopes of praseodymium range in atomic weight from 120.955 u (121Pr) to 158.955 u (159Pr). The primary decay mode before the stable isotope, 141Pr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before 141Pr are element 58 (cerium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 60 (neodymium) isotopes.

Precautions
Like all rare earths, praseodymium is of low to moderate toxicity. Praseodymium has no known biological role.