Gustav Schwalbe

Gustav Albert Schwalbe, M.D. (August 1, 1844, Quedlinburg - April 23, 1916, Straßburg) was a German anatomist and anthropologist.

He was educated at the universities of Berlin, Zurich, and Bonn (M.D. 1866), he became in 1870 privat-docent at the University of Halle, in 1871 privatdozent and prosector at the University of Freiburg in Baden, in 1872 assistant professor at the University of Leipzig, and then professor of anatomy successively at the universities of Jena (1873), Königsberg (1881), and Strasburg (1883).

Schwalbe is remembered for his anthropological research of primitive man. He considered the Neanderthal to be a direct ancestor of modern humans. He also wrote an influential treatise on Java Man, which had been a recent discovery by Eugène Dubois (1858-1940).

In 1869 Schwalbe injected Berlin-blue dye into the subarachnoid space of a dog, and was the first to demonstrate that the major pathways to absorb cerebrospinal fluid were lymphatic pathways. The subarachnoid or subdural spaces between the internal and external sheaths of the optic nerve are now referred to as Schwalbe's spaces; also called the intervaginal spaces of optic nerve (spatia intervaginalia nervi optici). His name is lent to several other anatomical structures, including Schwalbe's nucleus or the vestibular nucleus, Schwalbe's ring, which is a circular ridge consisting of collagenous fibers surrounding the outer margin of Descemet's membrane, and Schwalbe's line, an anatomical line located on the posterior surface of the eye's cornea.

Literary works

 * an editor of the Jahresberichte für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte
 * an editor of the Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie
 * He edited also the second edition of Hoffmann's Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen (Erlangen, 1877-81)

and is the author of:
 * Lehrbuch der Neurologie (Textbook of neurology) ib. 1881;
 * Ueber die Kaliberverhältnisse der Nervenfasern, (About the caliber conditions of the nerve fibers) Leipzig, 1882;
 * Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Sinnesorgane (Textbook about the anatomy of the sensory organs) Erlangen, 1886;
 * Studien über Pithecantropus Erectus (Study of Pithecantropus Erectus) Leipzig, 1899;
 * Der Neander Schädel (The Neanderthal Skull) ib. 1901;
 * Vorgeschichte der Menschen (Prehistory of Humans) ib. 1903;