Pteridophyte

The pteridophytes are vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that neither flower nor produce seeds. Instead, they reproduce and disperse only via spores.

Pteridophyte classification
They do not form a monophyletic group but consist of several groups, the Lycopodiophyta (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts), the Equisetophyta (horsetails), the Psilotophyta (whisk ferns), the Ophioglossophyta (adder's tongues and grape ferns), and the Pteridophyta (true ferns) and are monocots most of the time.

In addition to these living groups of pteridophytes are several groups now extinct and known only from fossils. These groups include the Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta, Trimerophytophyta, and the progymnosperms.

Modern studies of the land plants agree that all the pteridophytes share a single common ancestor. However, they are not a clade (monophyletic group) because the seed plants are also descended from within this group -- probably close relatives of the progymnosperms.

Pteridophyte sexuality
These plants are generally sporophyte-oriented; that is, the normal plant is the diploid sporophyte, with the only haploid structure being the gametophyte (prothallium) in season. This basic pattern is like that found in the seed plants but with an important exception. Unlike the seed plants, the pteridophytes have a gametophyte stage that is free-living. As a result, pteridophyte sexuality is more complicated than that of the seed plants. There are several basic categories of sexuality in pteridophytes. The terms distinguish between types of gametophyte sexuality:


 * Dioicous pteridophytes produce only antheridia (male organs) or archegonia (female organ) on a single gametophyte body.
 * Monoicous pteridophytes produce both antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte body.
 * Protandrous pteridophytes produce the male antheridia first, and then their female argchegonia.
 * Protogynous pteridophytes produce the archegonia first, followed by the antheridia.

Notice that these terms are not the same as monoecious and dioecious, which refer to whether or not a sporophyte plant bears one or both kinds of gametophyte. Those terms apply only to seed plants.