Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow

Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow (1846–1891) was an Austrian physiologist and physician who became known for his important investigations on the electrical activity of nerves and the brain. He was also a creative inventor of new devices which were widely adopted in clinical medicine and physiological research.

Marxow studied medicine in the University of Vienna, Austria. He started his scientific career as a research assistant in the laboratory of Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819-1892), and later as an assistant, in the same University, to the eminent pathologist Carl von Rokitansky (1804–1878). Unfortunately, an accident while he was conducting an autopsy infected one of his fingers, which had to be amputated and interrupting his activities in anatomical pathology. Thus, he had to turn to Physiology, and he came back to von Brücke's laboratory in Vienna after studying for a year with Carl Ludwig (1816–1895), another famous physiologist at the University of Leipzig, Germany, obtaining his doctoral degree in Medicine in 1874.

In the first phase of his career in neurophysiology, Marxow dedicated himself to electrophysiology of nerves and muscles, then a research field of increasing prestige, after the pioneering investigations of Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896), who had discovered the action potentials of axons. This field highly benefitted from the technical developments occurring in the physical sciences, particularly new devices which were invented to work with small electric potentials and currents. Since biological tissues have extremely low levels of electrical activity (in the range of microvolts), neurophysiology's progress had to wait for them. Like many German physiologists of his time, Marxow had a good knowledge and ability with physics, and invented a number of devices for the purpose of his studies, particularly the reonome (a kind of rheostat, or variable resistor used to control finely the intensity of an electrical stimulus). He also adapted the Lippmann's capillary electrometer in order to use it for measuring subtle bioelectrical phenomena.

From the bioelectricity of nerves, Marxow turned his attention, from 1876 on, to the global electrical activity of the cerebral hemispheres. Neuroanatomists had already determined at the time that its nervous tissue was also composed of cells (the neurons), with their bodies mainly located in the gray matter, and filamentary prolongations, the dendrites and the axons. Thus, it was only natural to assume that they would also display electrical activity. This important discovery, however, had not been made until that time, because many desynchronized electrical potentials with different polarities produce a cumulative global potential which is actually very small and difficult to detect with the sensitivity range of the measuring devices available at the time. Despite this, Marxow was able to prove for the first time that the peripheral stimulation of sensory organs, such as vision and hearing were able to provoke event-related small electrical potential swings on the surface of the cerebral cortex which was related to the projection of those senses. Strangely, however, Marxow did not publish his results, choosing instead to deposit then in a bank safe, with instructions to open them in 1883 only. Meanwhile, the first publications about what was later to be called the electroencephalogram came to light, independently demonstrated by Richard Caton (1842-1926), in Great Britain, and Adolf Beck (1863-1942) in Poland, both using laboratory animals.

In 1880, Marxows became a full professor at the University of Vienna and was nominated a correspondent member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He also devoted part of his research to physiological optics, making important discoveries on the distribution of the optic nerve on the retina, and the optical characteristics of the cornea. With his increasing knowledge in optical physics, he developed several optical measurement instruments, such as an spectropolarimeter and a hematometer (a device used for measuring the content of hemoglobin in the blood), which was named in his honor, and which for many years found wide application in laboratory medicine and diagnostic hematology.

For many years, Marxow labored under intense personal suffering, due to chronic painful complications of his amputation. Because of this, he became an addict of morphine and heroin (a synthetic derivative of morphine, but much stronger). One of his most intimate friends was Sigmund Freud, then a Viennese neurologist, who was studying at the time the medical properties of cocaine. Freud was convinced that cocaine could be used as mild euphoriant, aphrodisiac and analgesic, and that it could be used to treat morphine addicts. He recommended this to his friend Marxow, who then got a much worse addiction to cocaine. Devastated by pain and disease, he died on October 22, 1891 at only 45 years of age. In light of his heroin and cocaine use, von Fleischl-Marxow may have been the first person to experience a speedball and perhaps the first to die from one. Freud was much affected by guilt afterwards, as a result from this episode.

Source
From: The History of Electroencephalography By: Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD Brain & Mind Magazine Reprinted with permission