Lamin

Lamins are fibrous proteins having structural function in the cell nucleus.

In metazoan cells there are A and B type lamins which differ in their length and pI. Human cells have three differentially regulated genes.


 * B-type lamins are present in every cell. B type lamins, B1 and B2, are expressed from the and  genes on 5q23 and 19q13, respectively.
 * A-type lamins are only expressed following gastrulation. Lamin A and C are the most common A-type lamins and are splice variants of the gene found at 1q21.

These proteins localize to two regions of the nuclear compartment, the nuclear lamina -- a proteinaceous structure layer subjacent to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and throughout the nucleoplasm in the nucleoplasmic "veil".

Comparison of the lamins to vertebrate cytoskeletal IFs shows that lamins have an extra 42 residues (six heptads) within coil 1b. The c-terminal tail domain contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS), an Ig-fold like domain, and in most cases a carboxy-terminal CaaX box that is isoprenylated and carboxymethylated (lamin C does not have a CAAX box). Lamin A is further processed to remove the last 15 amino acids and its farnesylated cysteine.

During mitosis, lamins are phosphorylated by MPF which drives the disassembly of the lamina and the nuclear envleope.