Gymnosphaerid

The gymnosphaerids are a small group of heliozoan protists found in marine environments. They tend to be roughly spherical with radially directed axopods, supported by microtubules in a triangular-hexagonal array arising from an amorphous central granule. There are only three genera, each with a single species: Gymnosphaera albida, Hedraiophrys hovassei, and Actinocoryne contractilis.


 * Gymnosphaera albida is free-living, usually benthic in shallow water. The cells are round and naked, around 70-100 &mu;m in diameter, and resemble the unrelated Actinosphaerium.  The outer cytoplasm, or ectoplasm, forms a distinct layer containing large vesicles.


 * Hedraiophrys hovassei is larger and lives attached to algae and other objects. The cells have a conical base, and are covered with long siliceous spicules.  The ectoplasm is distinct and frothy, and typically contains bacterial and algal endosymbionts.


 * Actinocoryne contractilis is benthic. When feeding, it has a multinucleate base and a contractile stalk up to 150 &mu;m in length, supporting a relatively small uninucleate head, where the central granule and axopods are located.  It may move about in a headless amoeboid form.  Reproduction is either by budding off the head or fragmentation of the headless form, producing small free-living cells similar to Gymnosphaera, which then attach themselves and regrow the stalk and base.

Gymnosphaerids were originally considered centrohelids, which also have microtubules in a triangular-hexagonal array, but are set apart from the others by the structure of the central granule and the mitochondria, which have tubular cristae. The two groups have been treated as separate orders (Axoplasthelida and Centroplasthelida) in a common class, but this has lost support. Instead the gymnosphaerids may be allied with the desmothoracids, and on account of this have been placed in the Cercozoa, but this is somewhat tentative.

Gymnosphaerida