Paul Zweifel

Paul Zweifel (June 30 1848,Höngg, near Zürich, Switzerland – August 13 1927, Leipzig, Germany ) was a German gynecologist and physiologist. In 1876 he proved that the fetus was metabolically active.

Zweifel was born in Switzerland; his father was a physician. He was educated at the University of Zürich (M.D. 1871), studying under Adolf Gusserow (1836-1906). In 1871, he received the venia legendi at the University of Strassburg, where he had already become assistant in the gynecological institute under Felix Hoppe-Seyler. In 1876 he was appointed professor of gynecology at the University of Erlangen. In 1887 he transferred to University of Leipzig, where he served as the Chief of Obstetrics and Gynecology until his retirement 35 years later (1921). He held the title "Geheimer Medizinal-Rat."

In 1876, he became the first to demonstrate that the fetus in utero is metabolically active, consuming oxygen. This was a hotly debated question before Zweifel, and his discovery introduced the modern era of fetal physiology research. He also made extensive use of statistics to evaluate competing obstetrical procedures.

Zweifel contributed over 100 monographs to medical journals. Among his many works may be mentioned:


 * Über den Verdauungsapparat der Neugeborenen (Strasburg, 1874)
 * Lehrbuch der Operativen Geburtshülfe (Stuttgart, 1881; appeared as Lehrbuch der Geburtshülfe, Stuttgart, 1887, 5th ed. 1901)
 * Der Einfluss der Aerztlichen Thätigkeit auf die Bevölkerungsbewegung (Stuttgart, 1887)
 * Die Symphyseotomie (Stuttgart 1893)
 * Ätiologie, Prophylaxis und Therapie der Rachitis (Stuttgart, 1900)
 * Ätiologie, Begriff und Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers (Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1912)

A street is named for him in Probstheida, Leipzig, and also a building at the University of Erlangen.