Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) historical perspective

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Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [mailto:msbeih@perfuse.org] Phone:617-849-2629

Synonyms and keywords: Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, Single incision laparoscopic surgery, Minimally invasive surgery, Transanal endoscopic microsurgery, Natural orifice surgery consortium for assessment and research, Society of american gastrointestinal and endoscopic surgeons.

Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) Historical Perspective

 * In 1901, Dimitri Ott from Russia performed transvaginal inspection of the peritoneal cavity. In the same year, the first experimental laparoscopy was reported by Georg Kelling (a German Surgeon) who initially used a cystoscope to insufflate and explore the abdominal cavity of a dog.


 * In 1940s, the first natural orifice procedure has been mentioned. Culdoscopies were performed using an endoscope passed through the recto-uterine pouch to view pelvic organs.


 * The first transluminal feeding gastrostomy procedure was performed in 1980 by Gauderer et al . An endoscopic drainage of pseudocyst has been reported for the first time in 1985 by Kozarek et al.


 * Laparoscopic surgery innovation was introduced in the late 1980s. Minimally invasive surgery started spreading worldwide in 1987 when the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was reported by Dr. Philippe Mouret Spaner (a French gynecologist).


 * Before the concept of NOTES; the term flexible transluminal endoscopy had been used by a multicenter team of investigators (the Apollo Group) in 1990.


 * In 2002, Gettman et al published a transvaginal nephrectomy in a porcine model.


 * The first NOTES procedure in human being has been performed in India in 2003 by Dr. G.V. Rao and Dr. N. Reddy . This procedure which was a transgastric endoscopic appendectomy has not been published or reported at that time.


 * NOTES was originally described in animal models by researchers at Johns Hopkins Medical Center in Baltimore in the United States. Dr. Anthony Kalloo published the first report of a true transluminal procedure in 2004. The procedure was a transgastric peritoneoscopy in a porcine model.


 * Senior leadership from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) organized a working group of surgeons and gastroenterologists in 2005 to develop standards for NOTES practice. This group is known as the Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR®).


 * The first NOTES international conference was held in Scottsdale, Arizona (in the United States) March 9-11, 2006. One hundred forty physicians from 11 countries met to develop a detailed roadmap for overcoming the technical barriers of NOTES that had been identified in the original White Paper of NOSCAR.


 * EURO-NOTES Foundation has been established in 2006 in cooperation between European Asociation for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) and the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) to focus on all activities regarding Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES). The first meeting was held in Berlin, Germany June 23, 2006.


 * Japan launched the JWNOTES (Japan Working group for NOTES) in 2007.


 * International Prospective Multicenter Trial on Clinical NOTES (IMTN Registry) has been designed as a multiinstitutional prospective documentation registry started in Brazilian centers in July 2007. It aimed to accept international data, and provide information regarding NOTES results and complications worldwide.


 * Radical sigmoidectomy using a pure NOTES transanal approach was first described in 3 human cadavers in 2007 by Whiteford et al. They used TEM as an endoscopic platform without the need for any abdominal incisions.


 * In early March 2007, the NOTES Research Group in Rio de Janeiro (in Brazil), led by Dr. Ricardo Zorron, performed the first series of transvaginal NOTES cholecystectomy in four patients, based in previous experimental studies. The first human transvaginal endoscopic cholecystectomy case was reported in 2007.


 * In 2007, the first transvaginal laparoscopically assisted cholecystectomy in the United States was formally operated by Marc Bessler . The same operation has been performed for the first time in France by Marescaux et al in 2007.


 * The first transgastric cholecystectomy in the United States was performed by Lee Swanstrom in 2007.


 * The first published human NOTES procedure was by Marks et al in 2007 . The procedure was a transgastric rescue of a prematurely dislodge gastrostomy tube.


 * In late March, 2008, Dr. Santiago Horgan became the first US surgeon to perform transgastric appendectomy and remove a patient's appendix through the mouth. He also applied the EndoSurgical Operating System (EOS) on pigs to perform the entire operation through the stomach without laparoscopic assistance or any abdominal incision.


 * In 2008, the ﬁrst transesophageal mediastinal lymph node resection and transesophageal thoracoscopy with pleural biopsy have been performed in a non survival model at Massachusetts General Hospital (Harvard University) by Willingham et al.


 * The first NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection for rectal cancer using TEM and laparoscopic assistance was performed on a patient at the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona by a team of surgeons from the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona and Massachusetts General Hospital of Boston (Harvard University) in November 2009 (Dr. Antonio Lacy and Dr. Patricia Sylla).