Salinosporamide A

Salinosporamide A is a potent proteasome inhibitor used as an anticancer agent that recently entered phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma only three years after its discovery. This novel marine natural product is produced by the recently described obligate marine bacterium Salinispora tropica which is found in ocean sediment. Salinosporamide A belongs to a family of compounds possesing a densely functionalized γ-lactam-β-lactone bicycle.

History
In preliminary screening, a high percentage of the organic extracts of cultured Salinospora strains possessed antibiotic and anticancer activities, which suggests that these bacteria are an excellent resource for drug discovery. Salinospora strain CNB-392 was isolated from a heat-treated marine sediment sample and cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of salinosporamide A. Although salinosporamide A shares an identical bicyclic ring structure with omuralide, it is uniquely functionalized. Salinosporamide A displayed potent in vitro cytotoxicity against HCT-116 human colon carcinoma with an IC50 value of 11 ng mL-1. This compound also displayed potent and highly selective activity in the NCI's 60-cell-line panel with a mean GI50 value (the concentration required to achieve 50 % growth inhibition) of less than 10 nM and a greater than 4 log LC50 differential between resistant and susceptible cell lines. The greatest potency was observed against NCI-H226 non-small cell lung cancer, SF-539 CNS cancer, SK-MEL-28 melanoma, and MDA-MB-435 breast cancer (all with LC50 values less than 10 nM). Salinosporamide A was tested for its effects on proteasome function because of its structural relationship to omuralide. When tested against purified 20S proteasome, salinosporamide A inhibited proteasomal chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity with an IC50 value of 1.3 nM. This compound is approximately 35 times more potent than omuralide which was tested as a positive control in the same assay. Thus, the unique functionalization of the core bicyclic ring structure of salinosporamide A appears to have resulted in a molecule that is a significantly more potent proteasome inhibitor than omuralide.

Mechanism of action
Salinosporamide A inhibits proteasome activity by covalently modifying the active site threonine residues of the 20S proteasome.

Biosynthesis


It was originally hypothesized that Salinosporamide B was a biosynthetic precursor to Salinosporamide A due to their structural similarities.

It was thought that the halogenation of the unactivated methyl group was catalyzed by a non-heme iron halogenase. Recent work using 13C-labeled feeding experiments reveal distinct biosynthetic origins of salinosporamide A and B.

While they share the biosynthetic precursors acetate and presumed β-hydroxycyclohex-2'-enylalanine (3), they differ in the origin of the four-carbon building block that gives rise to their structural differences involving the halogen atom. A hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) pathway is most likely the biosynthetic mechanism in which acetyl-CoA and butyrate-derived ethylmalonyl-CoA condense to yield the β-ketothioester (4), which then reacts with (3) to generate the linear precursor (5).

Total synthesis
First stereoselective sythesis was reported by Rajender Reddy and E. J.Corey. Later several routes to the total synthesis of Salinosporamide A have been reported.

Clinical use
In vitro studies using purified 20S proteasomes showed that Salinosporamide A has lower EC50 for trypsin-like (T-L) activity than does Bortezomib. In vivo animal model studies show marked inhibition of T-L activity in response to Salinosporamide A, whereas Bortezomib enhances T-L proteasome activity.