2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
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| 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | |
|---|---|
| |
| IUPAC name | 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid |
| Other names | 2,4-D hedonal trinoxol |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| SMILES | OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C8H6Cl2O3 |
| Molar mass | 221.04 g/mol |
| Appearance | white to yellow powder |
| Melting point |
140.5 °C (413.5 K) |
| Boiling point |
160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) |
| Solubility in water | 900 mg/L (25 °C) |
| Related Compounds | |
| Related compounds | 2,4,5-T |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the third-most widely used herbicide in North America and the most widely used herbicide in the world.
2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war. When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots.
2,4-D is sold in various formulations under a wide variety of brand names. It continues to be used for its low cost, despite the availability of more selective, more effective, and less toxic products.
2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. It is absorbed through the leaves and is translocated to the meristems of the plant. Uncontrolled, unsustainable growth ensues causing stem curl-over, leaf withering, and eventual plant death. 2,4-D is typically applied as an amine salt, but more potent ester versions exist as well.
Major uses
2,4-D is most commonly used for:
- Weed control in lawns and other turf
- No-till burndown
- Control of weeds and brush along fences and highway and railroad rights of way
- Conifer release (control of broad-leaf trees in conifer plantings)
- Grass hayfields and pastures
- Cereal grains
- Corn and sorghum (occasionally)
- As a synthetic auxin analogue
Over 1,500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient
Toxicity
The LD50 The acute toxicity,rats study) according to US EPA 2,4-D Reregistration Eligiblity Decision, 2006,is 639 mg/kg. Single oral doses of 5 and 30 mg/kg body weight did not cause any acute toxic effects in human volunteers.
The amine salt formulations can cause irreversible eye damage, ester formulations are considered non-irritating to the eyes.
On August 8, 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued a ruling which stated existing data do not support a conclusion that links human cancer to 2,4-D exposure.[1]
Manufacture
2,4-D is a member of the phenoxy family of herbicides, which include:
- 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
- 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)
- 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acids (mecoprop, MCPP)
- 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (dichloroprop, 2,4-DP)
- (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB)
2,4-D is manufactured from chloroacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol, which is itself produced by chlorination of phenol. The production process creates several contaminants including isomers, monochlorophenol, and other polychlorophenols and their acids.
The powerful defoliant and herbicide Agent Orange, used extensively throughout the Vietnam War, contained 2,4-D. The controversies associated with the use of Agent Orange were associated with a contaminant (dioxin) in the 2,4,5-T component.
2,4-D has been evaluated by the European Union and included on its list of approved pesticides.[1]
However, concern over 2,4-D is such that it is currently not approved for use on lawns and gardens in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Kuwait and the Canadian province of Québec. 2,4-D use is severely restricted in the country of Belize. In Canada, well over 130 municipalities have placed bylaws that restrict the cosmetic use of pesticides, including the use of herbicides containing 2,4-D.[1]
In 2005, the United States Environmental Protection Agency approved the continued use of 2,4-D.[1]
In Canada, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) has placed a condition of registration on 2,4-D such that the 2,4-D registrant(s) must provide the PMRA with a required developmental neurotoxicity study by September 20, 2009.[1]
References
External links
- 2,4-D Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
- 2,4-D Pesticide Information Profile - Extension Toxicology Network
- EPA 2,4-D Reregistration Eligibility Decision
- 2,4-D RED Facts
The industry's web site
Health and Environmental References:
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
