Actinomycosis

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Actinomycosis Classification and external resources
A patient with Actinomycosis on the right side of the face.
ICD-10	A42.
ICD-9	039
DiseasesDB	145
eMedicine	med/31
MeSH	D000196

WikiDoc Resources for Actinomycosis
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Media
Powerpoint slides on Actinomycosis Images of Actinomycosis Photos of Actinomycosis Podcasts & MP3s on Actinomycosis Videos on Actinomycosis
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Actinomycosis Bandolier on Actinomycosis TRIP on Actinomycosis
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Actinomycosis at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Actinomycosis Clinical Trials on Actinomycosis at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Actinomycosis NICE Guidance on Actinomycosis NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Actinomycosis CDC on Actinomycosis
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Actinomycosis in the news Be alerted to news on Actinomycosis News trends on Actinomycosis
Commentary
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Definitions of Actinomycosis
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Actinomycosis Discussion groups on Actinomycosis Patient Handouts on Actinomycosis Directions to Hospitals Treating Actinomycosis Risk calculators and risk factors for Actinomycosis
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Actinomycosis Causes & Risk Factors for Actinomycosis Diagnostic studies for Actinomycosis Treatment of Actinomycosis
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International
Actinomycosis en Espanol Actinomycosis en Francais
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Actinomycosis in the Marketplace Patents on Actinomycosis
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List of terms related to Actinomycosis

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Actinomycosis (ak-tuh-nuh-my-KOH-sihs), is a rare infectious bacterial disease of humans generally caused by Actinomyces israelii, A. gerencseriae and Propionibacterium propionicus, though the condition is likely to be polymicrobial.^[1] Characterized by the formation of painful abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or digestive organs, actinomycosis abscesses grow larger as the disease progresses, often over a period of months. In severe cases, the abscesses may penetrate the surrounding bone and muscle to the skin, where they break open and leak large amounts of pus.

Actinomycosis occurs in cattle and other animals as a disease called lumpy jaw. This name refers to the large abscesses that grow on the head and neck of the infected animal.

In 1877 pathologist Otto Bollinger described the presence of Actinomyces bovis in cattle, and shortly afterwards, James Israel discovered Actinomyces israelii in humans. In 1890 Eugen Bostroem isolated the causative organism from a culture of grain, grasses, and soil. After Bostroem's discovery there was a general misconception that actinomycosis was a mycosis that affected individuals who chewed grass or straw.

Causative organism

Actinomycosis is primarily caused by any of several members of the bacterial genus Actinomyces. These bacteria are generally anaerobes.^[1] Actinomyces spp. normally live in the small spaces between the teeth and gums, causing infection only when they can multiply freely in anoxic environments. The three most common sites of infection are decayed teeth, the lungs, and the intestines.

Since Actinomyces bacteria are generally sensitive to penicillin, it is frequently used to treat actinomycosis.

Pathophysiology & Etiology

• 6 species cause disease in humans:

  • A. israelii
  • A. Naeslundii
  • A. odontolyticus
  • A. viscosus
  • A. Meyeri
  • A. gerencseriae

• Gram positive filamentous rod
• Sulfur Granules
• Actinomyces from within, Nocardia from without
• Generally low pathogenicity and cause disease only in the setting of antecedent tissue injury

Symptoms

• Cervicofacial Actinomycosis (55%)

  • Acute painful pyogenic abscess or indolent angle-of-jaw mass

• Thoracic Actinomycosis

  • Lungs
  • Pleura
  • Mediastinum
  • Chest wall (aspiration, extension of cervicofacial disease, transdiaphragmatic or retroperitoneal spread)

    • Clinical picture of tuberculosis (TB) or malignancy

• Abdominal and Pelvic Actinomycosis

  • Following:

    • Penetrating trauma
    • Gut perforation
    • Surgical manipulation

  • Ileocecal predilection

    • Confused with:

      • TB
      • Ameboma
      • Chronic appy
      • Regional enteritis
      • Carcinoma
      • Intrauterine devices (IUD’s)

• Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain abscess
  • Meningitis
  • Meningoencephalitis
  • Subdural empyema

Pharmacotherapy

• In vitro susceptible to:

  • Penicillin
  • Chloramphenicol
  • The tetracyclines
  • Erythromycin
  • Clindamycin
  • Imipenem
  • Streptomycin
  • The cephalosporins

    • Prolonged treatment (6-12 months)

Surgery and Device Based Therapy

• Surgery often required for disease of the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and central nervous system (CNS)

References

External links

• Journal of Infectious Diseases, Actinomycosis of the Tongue

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Dr. Steve Wiviott

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v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Actinomycosis (Click show to right to view)
Articles on Actinomycosis	Most recent articles on Actinomycosis • Most cited articles on Actinomycosis • Review articles on Actinomycosis • Articles on Actinomycosis in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Actinomycosis	Powerpoint slides on Actinomycosis • Images of Actinomycosis • Photos of Actinomycosis • Podcasts & MP3s on Actinomycosis • Videos on Actinomycosis
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Actinomycosis	Cochrane Collaboration on Actinomycosis • Bandolier on Actinomycosis • TRIP on Actinomycosis
Cost Effectiveness of Actinomycosis	Cost Effectiveness of Actinomycosis
Clinical Trials Involving Actinomycosis	Ongoing Trials on Actinomycosis at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Actinomycosis • Clinical Trials on Actinomycosis at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Actinomycosis	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Actinomycosis • NICE Guidance on Actinomycosis • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Actinomycosis • CDC on Actinomycosis
Textbook Information on Actinomycosis	Books and Textbook Information on Actinomycosis
Pharmacology Resources on Actinomycosis	Dosing of Actinomycosis • Drug interactions with Actinomycosis • Side effects of Actinomycosis • Allergic reactions to Actinomycosis • Overdose information on Actinomycosis • Carcinogenicity information on Actinomycosis • Actinomycosis in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Actinomycosis •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Actinomycosis	Genetics of Actinomycosis • Pharmacogenomics of Actinomycosis • Proteomics of Actinomycosis
Newstories on Actinomycosis	Actinomycosis in the news • Be alerted to news on Actinomycosis • News trends on Actinomycosis
Commentary on Actinomycosis	Blogs on Actinomycosis
Patient Resources on Actinomycosis	Patient resources on Actinomycosis • Discussion groups on Actinomycosis • Patient Handouts on Actinomycosis • Directions to Hospitals Treating Actinomycosis • Risk calculators and risk factors for Actinomycosis
Healthcare Provider Resources on Actinomycosis	Symptoms of Actinomycosis • Causes & Risk Factors for Actinomycosis • Diagnostic studies for Actinomycosis • Treatment of Actinomycosis
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Actinomycosis	CME Programs on Actinomycosis
International Resources on Actinomycosis	Actinomycosis en Espanol • Actinomycosis en Francais
Business Resources on Actinomycosis	Actinomycosis in the Marketplace • Patents on Actinomycosis
Informatics Resources on Actinomycosis	List of terms related to Actinomycosis

de:Aktinomykose gl:Actinomicose hr:Aktinomikoza nl:Actinomycosesr:Актиномикоза fi:Aktinomykoosi uk:Актиномікоз

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .