Adrenal medulla
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| Adrenal medulla | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Medulla labeled at bottom right. | |
| Gray's | subject #277 1280 |
| Artery | superior suprarenal artery, middle suprarenal artery, Inferior suprarenal artery |
| Vein | suprarenal veins |
| Nerve | celiac plexus, renal plexus |
| Lymph | lumbar glands |
| Precursor | Neural crest |
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The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
Function
Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine.
In response to stressors such as exercise or imminent danger, medullary cells release catecholamines into the blood in an 85:15 ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline.[1]
Notable effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline include increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction, bronchiole dilation, and increased metabolism, all of which are characteristic of the fight-or-flight response. Release of catecholamines is stimulated by nerve impulses, and receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed throughout the body.
Origin
Medullary cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest and, as such, are simply modified neurons.
In particular, they are modified postganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers.
Moreover, as the synapses between pre- and postganglionic fibers are called ganglia, the adrenal medulla is actually a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.
Pathology
Neoplasms including:
- Pheochromocytoma (most common) a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
- Neuroblastoma a neuroendocrine tumor of any neural crest tissue of the sympathetic nervous system
- Ganglioneuroma a tumor in the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system
See also
References
External links
- SUNY Labs 40:04-0202 - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands"
- Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - "Adrenal Gland"
- Location of Adrenal medulla
Endocrine system > Adrenal glands | |
|---|---|
| Medulla | Chromaffin cells |
| Cortex | Zona glomerulosa • Zona fasciculata • Zona reticularis |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
