Alcohol detoxification
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Alcohol detoxification, or 'detox', for individuals with alcohol dependence is the abrupt cessation of alcohol intake coupled with the substitution of alcohol with cross-tolerant drugs that have similar effects in order to prevent alcohol withdrawal. Detoxification may or may not be necessary depending upon an individual's age, medical status, and history of alcohol intake. For example, a young man who binge drinks and seeks treatment one week after his last use of alcohol may not require detoxification before beginning treatment for alcoholism. Benzodiazepines are the most common family of drugs used for this[1], followed by barbiturates[citation needed].
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan) or oxazepam (Serax) are the most commonly used drugs used to reduce alcohol withdrawal symptoms. There are several treatment patterns in which it is used.
- The first option takes into consideration the varying degrees of tolerance. In it, a standard dose of the benzodiazepine is given every half hour until light sedation is reached. Once a baseline dose is determined, the medication is tapered over the ensuing 3-10 days.
- Another option is to give a standard dose of benzodiazepine based on history and adjust based on withdrawal phenomenon.
- A third option is to defer treatment until symptoms occur. This method should not be used in patients with prior alcohol related seizures. This has been effective in randomized controlled trials.[1][1] A non-randomized, before and after, observational study found that symptom triggered therapy was advantageous.[1]
Dosing of the benzodiazepines can be guided by the CIWA-Ar scale.[1] The scale is available online.[1]
Regarding the choice of benzodiazepine:
- Chlordiazepoxide (Librium®) is the benzodiazepine of choice in uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal. [1]
- Lorazepam or diazepam are available parenterally for patients who cannot safely take medications by mouth.
- Lorazepam and oxazepam may be best in patients with cirrhosis (shorter half life).
Sympatholytics
Randomized controlled trials have found benefit from atenolol[1] and clonidine.[1]
Carbamazepine
A randomized controlled trial has found benefit from carbamazepine.[1]
Other drugs
Some hospitals administer alcohol to prevent alcohol withdrawal although there are potential problems with this practice.[1]
Various vitamins, especially from the B group, are often used during withdrawal treatment.
Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is used for both acute alcohol withdrawal and medium to long-term detoxification. This drug enhances GABA neurotransmission and reduces glutamate levels. It is used in Italy in small amounts under the trade name Alcover.
Baclofen has been shown in animal studies and in small human studies to enhance detoxification. This drug acts as a GABA B receptor agonist and this may be beneficial.
References
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
