Alkaloid
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Alkaloid are naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. The name derives from the word alkaline and was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. They often have have pharmacological effects and are used as medications and recreational drugs. Examples are the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine, the stimulant caffeine, nicotine, the analgesic morphine, or the antimalarial drug quinine. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.
Alkaloid classifications
Alkaloids are usually classified by their common molecular precursors, based on the metabolic pathway used to construct the molecule. When not much was known about the biosynthesis of alkaloids, they were grouped under the names of known compounds, even some non-nitrogenous ones (since those molecules' structures appear in the finished product; the opium alkaloids are sometimes called "phenanthrenes", for example), or by the plants or animals they were isolated from. When more is learned about a certain alkaloid, the grouping is changed to reflect the new knowledge, usually taking the name of a biologically-important amine that stands out in the synthesis process.
- Pyridine group: piperine, coniine, trigonelline, arecaidine, guvacine, pilocarpine, cytisine, nicotine, sparteine, pelletierine.
- Pyrrolidine group: hygrine, cuscohygrine, nicotine
- Tropane group: atropine, cocaine, ecgonine, scopolamine, catuabine
- Quinoline group: quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinine, dihydroquinidine, strychnine, brucine, veratrine, cevadine
- Isoquinoline group: The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, Isopapa-dimethoxy-aniline, papaverine, narcotine, sanguinarine, narceine, hydrastine, berberine), emetine, berbamine, oxyacanthine
- Phenethylamine group: mescaline, ephedrine, dopamine, amphetamine
- Indole group:
- Tryptamines: DMT, N-methyltryptamine, psilocybin, serotonin
- Ergolines: the ergot alkaloids (ergine, ergotamine, lysergic acid, LSD etc.)
- Beta-carbolines: harmine, harmaline, yohimbine, reserpine
- Rauwolfia alkaloids: Reserpine
- Purine group:
- Terpenoid group:
- Aconite alkaloids: aconitine
- Steroids: solanine, samandaris (quaternary ammonium compounds): muscarine, choline, neurine
- Vinca alkaloids: vinblastine, vincristine. They are antineoplastic and binds free tubulin dimers thereby disrupting balance between microtuble polymerization and delpolymerization resulting in arrest of cells in metaphase.
- Miscellaneous: capsaicin, cynarin, phytolaccine, phytolaccotoxin
Physicochemical properties
Low-molecular weight alkaloids without hydrogen bond donors such as hydroxy groups are often liquid at room temperature, examples are nicotine, sparteine, coniine, and phenethylamine.
The basicity of alkaloids depends on the lone pairs of electrons on their nitrogen atoms. As organic bases, alkaloids form salts with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid and organic acids such as tartaric acid or maleic acid. These salts are usually more water-soluble than their free base form.
See also
References
Alkaloid groups | ||
|---|---|---|
| Indole: | 5-MeO-DMT | Dimethyltryptamine | Harmala alkaloids | Psilocin | Psilocybin | Reserpine | Serotonin | Tryptamine | Yohimbine | |
| Phenethylamine: | Amphetamine | Cathinone | Ephedrine | Mescaline | Methamphetamine | Phenethylamine | Tyramine | |
| Purine: | Caffeine | Theobromine | Theophylline | |
| Pyridine: | Coniine | |
| Pyrrolidine: | Nicotine | |
| Quinoline: | Quinine | |
| Isoquinoline: | Codeine | Morphine | |
| Tropane: | Atropine | Cocaine | Hyoscyamine | Scopolamine | |
| Terpenoid: | Aconitine | Solanine | |
| Betaines: | Choline | Muscarine | |
| Major families of biochemicals | ||
| Peptides | Amino acids | Nucleic acids | Carbohydrates | Nucleotide sugars | Lipids | Terpenes | Carotenoids | Tetrapyrroles | Enzyme cofactors | Steroids | Flavonoids | Alkaloids | Polyketides | Glycosides | ||
| Analogues of nucleic acids: | Analogues of nucleic acids: | |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
