Ascaris infection
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Overview
Ascaris is a worm that lives in the small intestine. Infection with Ascaris is called ascariasis (ass-kuh-rye-uh-sis). Adult female worms can grow over 12 inches in length, adult males are smaller.
Related Key Words and Synonyms:
Intestinal roundworm infection, Ascariasis.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Ascariasis is the most common human worm infection. Infection occurs worldwide and is most common in tropical and subtropical areas where sanitation and hygiene are poor. Children are infected more often than adults. In the United States, infection is rare, but most common in rural areas of the southeast.
How can I get ascariasis?
You or your children can become infected after touching your mouth with your hands that have become contaminated with eggs from soil or other contaminated surfaces or by ingesting contaminated food or water.
Risk Factors
Screening
Pathophysiology & Etiology
Etiologic agent:
Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest nematode (roundworm) parasitizing the human intestine. (Adult females: 20 to 35 cm; adult male: 15 to 30 cm.)
Life cycle:
Adult worms 1 live in the lumen of the small intestine. A female may produce approximately 200,000 eggs per day, which are passed with the feces 2. Unfertilized eggs may be ingested but are not infective. Fertile eggs embryonate and become infective after 18 days to several weeks 3, depending on the environmental conditions (optimum: moist, warm, shaded soil). After infective eggs are swallowed 4, the larvae hatch 5 , invade the intestinal mucosa, and are carried via the portal, then systemic circulation to the lungs 6. The larvae mature further in the lungs (10 to 14 days), penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are swallowed 7. Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms 1. Between 2 and 3 months are required from ingestion of the infective eggs to oviposition by the adult female. Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years.
Molecular Biology
Genetics
Natural History
Diagnosis
Your health care provider will ask you to provide stool samples for testing. Some people notice infection when a worm is passed in their stool or is coughed up. If this happens, bring in the worm specimen to your health care provider for diagnosis. There is no blood test used to diagnose an Ascaris infection.
Differential Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Most people have no symptoms that are noticeable, but infection may cause slower growth and slower weight gain. If you are heavily infected, you may have abdominal pain. Sometimes, while the immature worms migrate through the lungs, you may cough and have difficulty breathing. If you have a very heavy worm infection, your intestines may become blocked.
Physical Examination
Appearance of the Patient
Vital Signs
Skin
Eyes
Ear Nose and Throat
Heart
Lungs
Abdomen
Extremities
Neurologic
Other
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Microscopic identification of eggs in the stool is the most common method for diagnosing intestinal ascariasis. The recommended procedure is as follows:
- Collect a stool specimen.
- Fix the specimen in 10% formalin.
- Concentrate using the formalin–ethyl acetate sedimentation technique.
- Examine a wet mount of the sediment.
Where concentration procedures are not available, a direct wet mount examination of the specimen is adequate for detecting moderate to heavy infections. For quantitative assessments of infection, various methods such as the Kato-Katz can be used. Larvae can be identified in sputum or gastric aspirate during the pulmonary migration phase (examine formalin-fixed organisms for morphology). Adult worms are occasionally passed in the stool or through the mouth or nose and are recognizable by their macroscopic characteristics.
- Microscopy findings:
Below are several Ascaris eggs seen in wet mounts. Diagnostic characteristics:
Fertilized eggs (A, B on the right, D, F, G, H) are rounded, have a thick shell, with an external mammillated layer that is often stained brown by bile. In some cases, the outer layer is absent (decorticated eggs: E, F on the right, G). Size: approximately 60 µm in diameter when spherical, and up to 75 µm when ovoid.
Unfertilized eggs (B on the left, C, E) are elongated and larger (up to 90 µm in length); their shell is thinner; and their mammillated layer is more variable, either with large protuberances (C) or practically none (E); these eggs contain mainly a mass of refractile granules.
A: Fertilized Ascaris egg, still at the unicellular stage. Eggs are normally at this stage when passed in the stool. Complete development of the larva requires 18 days under favorable conditions.
B: Unfertilized and fertilized eggs (left and right, respectively).
C: Unfertilized egg. Prominent mammillations of outer layer.
D: Fertilized egg. The embryo can be distinguished inside the egg.
E: Unfertilized egg with no outer mammillated layer (decorticated).
F: Three fertilized eggs (one decorticated, on the right) of Ascaris lumbricoides.
G, H: Two fertilized eggs from the same patient, where embryos have begun to develop (this happens when the stool sample is not processed for several days without refrigeration). The embryos in early stage of division (4 to 6 cells) can be clearly seen. Note that the egg in G has a very thin mammillated outer layer.
I: Egg containing a larva, which will be infective if ingested. J: Larva hatching from an egg.
- Macroscopic findings:
K: An adult Ascaris worm. Diagnostic characteristics: tapered ends; length 15 to 35 cm (the females tend to be the larger ones). This worm is a female, as evidenced by the size and genital girdle (the dark circular groove at bottom area of image).
Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
MRI and CT
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Risk Stratification and Prognosis
Treatment
In the United States, Ascaris infections are generally treated for 1-3 days with medication prescribed by your health care provider. The drugs are effective and appear to have few side effects. Your health care provider will likely request additional stool exams 1 to 2 weeks after therapy; if the infection is still present, treatment will be repeated.
I am pregnant and have just been diagnosed with ascariasis. Can I be treated?
Infection with Ascaris worms is generally light and is not considered an emergency. Unless your infection is heavy, and your health may be at risk, treatment is generally postponed until after delivery of the baby.
Pharmacotherapy
The drugs of choice for treatment of ascariasis are albendazole with mebendazole, ivermectin, and nitazoxanide as alternatives. In the United States, ascariasis is generally treated for 1-3 days with medication prescribed by a health care provider. The drugs are effective and appear to have few side effects.
Acute Pharmacotherapies
Chronic Pharmacotherapies
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
"The Way I Like To Do It ..." Tips and Tricks From Clinicians Around The World
Suggested Revisions to the Current Guidelines
References
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Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikipedia
List of contributors:
Pilar Almonacid
Suggested Reading and Key General References
Suggested Links and Web Resources
For Patients
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
