Decompressive craniectomy
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| Intervention: Decompressive craniectomy | ||
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| ICD-10 code: | ||
| ICD-9 code: | 01.2 | |
| Other codes: | ||
Decompressive craniectomy is a surgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury. Use of the surgery is controversial.[1] Though the procedure is considered a last resort, some evidence suggests that it does improve outcomes by lowering intracranial pressure (ICP), the pressure within the skull.[1][2][3] Raised intracranial pressure is very often debilitating or deadly because it causes compression of the brain restricts cerebral blood flow. The aim of decompressive craniectomy is to reduce this pressure. The part of the skull that is removed is called a bone-flap. A study has shown that the larger the removed bone-flap is, the more ICP is reduced.[4]
In addition to reducing ICP, studies have found that decompressive craniectomy improved cerebral perfusion pressure[1][3] and cerebral blood flow in head injured patients.[1]
In severely head injured children, a study has shown that decompressive craniectomy resulted in good recovery in all children in the study, suggesting the procedure has an advantage over non-surgical treatment in children.[5]. In one of the largest studies on pediatric patients, Jagannathan et al. found a net 65% favorable outcomes rate in pediatric patients for accidental trauma after craniectomy when followed for more than 5 years. Only 3 patients were dependent on caregivers.[6]. This is the only prospective randomised controlled study to date to support the potential benefit of decompressive craniectomy following traumatic brain injury.[1] Two prospective randomised controlled trials are currently run in an attempt to provide Class I evidence on the role of surgical decompression in the treatment of raised intracranial pressure after severe head injury. The RESCUEicp study[2] is an international multicentre trial, coordinated by the University of Cambridge Academic Neurosurgery Unit[3] and the European Brain Injury Consortium (EBIC)[4] and the DECRA trial[5] is run and coordinated by the Australian centres[6].
Infections such as meningitis or cerebral abscess can occur after decompressive craniectomy.[7]
The procedure is recommended especially for young patients in whom ICP is not controllable by other methods.[1] Age of greater than 50 years is associated with a poorer outcome after the surgery.[3]
Decompressive craniectomy is also used to manage large cerebral infarctions, associated with "malignant" oedema and intracranial hypertension. The pooled evidence from the three recent randomised controlled trials in Europe supports the retrospective observations that early (within 48 hours)application of decompressive craniectomy after "malignant" stroke may result in improved survival and functional outcome in patients under the age of 55, compared to conservative management alone.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Kunze, E; Meixensberger J, Janka M, Sorensen N, Roosen K (1998). "Decompressive craniectomy in patients with uncontrollable intracranial hypertension". Acta Neurochirurica (Supplement) 71: 16-18. PMID 9779131. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ↑ Aarabi, B; Hesdorffer DC, Ahn ES, Aresco C, Scalea TM, and Eisenberg HM (2006). "Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant swelling due to severe head injury". Journal of Neurosurgery 104 (4): 469-479. PMID 16619648. Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Schneider, GH; Bardt T, Lanksch WR, Unterberg A (2002). "Decompressive craniectomy following traumatic brain injury: ICP, CPP and neurological outcome". Acta Neurochirurica (Supplement) 81: 77-79. PMID 12168363. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ↑ Skoglund, TS; Eriksson-Ritzen C, Jensen C, Rydenhag B (2006). "Aspects on decompressive craniectomy in patients with traumatic head injuries". Journal of Neurotrauma 23 (10): 1502-1059. PMID 17020484. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ↑ Hejazi, N; Witzmann A, Fae P. "Unilateral decompressive craniectomy for children with severe brain injury. Report of seven cases and review of the relevant literature". European Journal of Pediatrics 161 (2): 99-104. PMID 11954760. Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
- ↑ Jagannathan, J; Okonkwo DO, Dumont, AS (April, 2007). "Outcome following decompressive craniectomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury: a 10-year single-center experience with long-term follow up". Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics 106 (4): 268-275. PMID 17465359. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
- ↑ Albanese, J; Leone M, Alliez JR, Kaya JM, Antonini F, Alliez B, Martin C (2003). "Decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury: Evaluation of the effects at one year". Critical Care Medicine 31 (10): 2535-2538. PMID 14530763. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ↑ Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Juettler E, et al (2007). "Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials". Lancet neurology 6 (3): 215-22. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70036-4. PMID 17303527.
Surgery, Nervous system: neurosurgical procedures | |
|---|---|
| Skull, brain, and cerebral meninges | Craniotomy - Decompressive craniectomy - Lobotomy - Hemispherectomy - Ventriculostomy - Anterior temporal lobectomy |
| Spinal cord and spinal canal | Spinal cord and roots (Cordotomy - Rhizotomy) - Intervertebral discs (Discectomy - Intervertebral disc annuloplasty - Intervertebral disc arthroplasty) - Vertebral bones (Laminotomy - Laminectomy - Laminoplasty - Corpectomy - Facetectomy - Foraminotomy - Vertebral fusion - Vertebral fixation) - Lumbar puncture |
| Cranial and peripheral nerves | Ganglionectomy - Nerve block |
| Sympathetic nerves or ganglia | Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy |
| Other | Axotomy - Hypophysectomy - Vagotomy |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
