Domoic acid
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| Domoic acid | |
|---|---|
| Image:Domoic-acid.png | |
| IUPAC name | (2S,3S,4S)-4-[(2Z,4E)-6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl]-3-(carboxymethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| PubChem | |
| SMILES | CC(\C=C\C=C(\C)/[C@H]1CN[C@@H]([C@H]1CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)O |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C15H21NO6 |
| Molar mass | 311.33 g/mol |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Hazards | |
| R-phrases | R20 R21 R22 |
| S-phrases | S36 S37 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
Domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is an amino acid phycotoxin (algal toxin) found associated with certain algal blooms.[1]
Contents |
Occurrence
In 1958, domoic acid was originally isolated from the red alga called "doumoi" or "hanayanagi" (Chondria armata[1])in Japan. "Doumoi" is used as an anthelmintic in Tokunoshima, Kagoshima.[citation needed] Domoic acid is also produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.[1][1] Domoic acid is commercially available.
Chemistry
Toxicology
The chemical can bioaccumulate in marine organisms that feed on the phytoplankton, such as shellfish, anchovies, and sardines. The toxin does not bioaccumulate in the classic sense because it is quickly excreted by fish and shellfish that ingest it. It only accumulates in high numbers in these plankton feeders when the diatom itself is high in number in the surrounding waters. Bioaccumulation or biomagnification typically occurs in lipid-rich tissues, which accumulate toxins over time. In classic bioaccumulation, the older and larger an organism is, the longer it has to accumulate the toxins in its fats, and therefore, the higher the concentration of toxin. In mammals, including humans, domoic acid acts as a neurotoxin, causing short-term memory loss, brain damage, and death in severe cases in Atlantic Canada. Algal bloom are associated with the phenomenon of ASP. Considerable recent research has been carried out by the Marine Mammal Center and other scientific centers on the association of red tides to domoic acid and to resulting neurological damage in marine mammals of the Pacific Ocean. In marine mammals, domoic acid typically causes seizures and tremors.
In the brain, domoic acid especially damages the hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus. It damages the neurons by activating AMPA and kainate receptors, causing an influx of calcium. Although calcium flowing into cells is a normal event, the uncontrolled increase of calcium causes the cell to degenerate. Because the hippocampus may be severely damaged, long-term memory loss occurs.
References
External links
- Domoic Acid and Pseudo-nitzschia References at Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Domoic acid page IPCS INCHEM
- Domoic acid page WDFWfr:Acide domoïque
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
