Embryology
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Embryology is the study of the development of an embryo. An embryo is defined as any vertebrate in a stage before birth or hatching. Embryology is more specific as it only encompasses the modern definition:
an animal that is undergoing early development including the formation of primitive organ systems, the creation of fundamental tissues, and cleavage; especially involving the development of human individuals from the moment the blastocyst is implanted until the end of the eight week after conception. Past the eight week, the developing animal is called a fetus.
History
After the 1950s, with the DNA helical structure being discovered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick, (in collaboration with Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins) and the increasing knowledge in the field of molecular biology, developmental biology emerged as the field of study that correlates the genes and such morphological changes; in other words, which genes are responsible for each morphological change that takes place in an embryo, and how these genes are regulated.
Vertebrate and invertebrate embryology
Many principles of embryology apply to both invertebrate animals as well as to vertebrates.[1] Therefore, study of invertebrate embryology has advanced the study of vertebrate embryology. However, there are many differences as well. For example, numerous invertebrate species release a larva before development is complete; at the end of the larval period, an animal for the first time looks like an offspring of its parents. Although invertebrate embryology is similar in some ways for different invertebrate animals, there are also countless variations. For instance, some insects proceed directly from egg to adult form whereas others develop through an elaborate sequence of changes.
Neuroembryology
Neuroembryology refers to the development of an embryos nervous system. At the middle of the third week the neural plate appears which originates from the ectoderm.
See also
Footnotes
- ↑ Parker, Sybil. "Invertebrate Embryology," McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology (McGraw-Hill 1997).
References
- UNSW Embryology Large resource of information and media
- [3] Definition of embryo according to Webster
Further reading
- Scott F. Gilbert. Developmental Biology. Sinauer, 2003. ISBN 0-87893-258-5.
- Lewis Wolpert. Principles of Development. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-927536-X.
External links
- Embryo Research UK philosophy and ethics website discussing the ethics of embryology
- Human embryo research Canadian website covering the ethics of human embryo research
- University of Indiana's Human Embryology Animations
Prenatal development/Mammalian development of nervous system | |
|---|---|
| General neural development/ neurulation/neurula | Notochord - Neuroectoderm - Neural plate - Neural folds - Neural groove
Neural crest - Neural tube (Neuromere/Rhombomere, Cephalic flexure) Alar plate (sensory) - Basal plate (motor) Glioblast - Neuroblast |
| Eye development | Optic vesicles - Optic stalk - Optic cup - Lens placode |
| Auditory development | Auditory vesicle - Auditory pit |
| Note: mostly ecoderm, but mesoderm is precursor for epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium | |
Prenatal development/Mammalian development of circulatory system | |
|---|---|
| Vascular | Blood island
arteries: Dorsal aorta - Aortic arches - Vitelline arteries - Ductus arteriosus - Umbilical artery |
| Heart development | Primitive heart tube: Truncus arteriosus - Bulbus cordis - Primitive ventricle - Primitive atrium - Sinus venosus Septum primum (Ostium primum, Ostium secundum) - Septum secundum (Foramen ovale) - other septa (Endocardial cushions/Septum intermedium, Aorticopulmonary septum) - Atrial canal |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
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