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Ependyma is the thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ependymal Cells
The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells. These are the epithelial cells that line the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. The cells are cuboidal/columnar. Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around the central nervous system. Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF. Within the brain's ventricles, a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together form a system called the choroid plexus, which produces the CSF.
Pathology
Ependymoma is a tumor of the ependyma.
Stem cells
Jonas Frisén and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm believe that ependyma is the prime candidate for the location of neural stem cells.[1]
References
External links
| Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) |
|---|
| Frontal lobe | Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4)
Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis)
Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47)
Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus |
|---|
| Parietal lobe | Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m)
Parietal lobules (Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39)
Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus |
|---|
| Occipital lobe | Primary visual cortex (17), (Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, Lateral occipital gyrus (18, 19))
Calcarine fissure |
|---|
| Temporal lobe | Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22/Wernicke's area), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20)
Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36) |
|---|
| Cingulate cortex/gyrus | Subgenual area (25), Anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30)
Callosal sulcus |
|---|
| Interlobar sulci/fissures | lateral: Central (frontal+parietal), Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal), Parietoöccipital
medial: Medial longitudinal, Cingulate (frontal+cingulate), Collateral (temporal+occipital) |
|---|
| White matter tracts | Commissural fibers - Association fibers
Internal capsule (Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb), Corona radiata, External capsule, Lamina terminalis, Extreme capsule, Semioval center
Olfactory tract, Terminal stria |
|---|
| Other | Insular cortex
gray: Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus, Basal optic nucleus of Meynert, Substantia innominata, Anterior perforated substance
Corpus striatum - Limbic lobe |
|---|
| Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. |
| Histology: nervous tissue |
|---|
| Neurons (gray matter) | soma - axon (axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament)
dendrite (Nissl body, dendritic spine, apical dendrite, basal dendrite)
types: bipolar - pseudounipolar - multipolar - pyramidal - Purkinje - granule |
|---|
| Afferent nerve/Sensory nerve/Sensory neuron | GSA - GVA - SSA - SVA - fibers (Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain) |
|---|
| Efferent nerve/Motor nerve/Motor neuron | GSE - GVE - SVE - Upper motor neuron - Lower motor neuron (α motorneuron, γ motorneuron) |
|---|
| Synapses | neuropil - synaptic vesicle - neuromuscular junction - electrical synapse - Interneuron (Renshaw) |
|---|
| Sensory receptors | Meissner's corpuscle - Merkel nerve ending - Pacinian corpuscle - Ruffini ending - Muscle spindle
Free nerve ending
Olfactory receptor neuron - Photoreceptor cell - Hair cell - Taste bud |
|---|
| Glial cells | Astrocyte (Radial glia) - Oligodendrocyte - Ependymal cells (Tanycytes) - Microglia |
|---|
| Myelination (white matter) | CNS: Oligodendrocyte
PNS: Schwann cell - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier/Internode - Schmidt-Lanterman incisures |
|---|
| Related connective tissues | epineurium - perineurium - endoneurium - nerve fascicle - meninges |
|---|
he:תא אפנדימליsk:Ependýmová bunka
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
