Exocrine pancreas
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The exocrine pancreas has ducts which are arranged in clusters called acini (singular acinus). Pancreatic secretions are secreted into the lumen of the acinus, and then accumulate in intralobular ducts that drain to the main pancreatic duct, which drains directly into the duodenum.
Control of the exocrine function of the pancreas are via the hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin, which are hormones secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum, in response to distension and/or food and which cause secretion of pancreatic juices.
There are two main classes of exocrine pancreatic secretions:
| Secretion | Cell producing it | Primary signal |
| bicarbonate ions | Centroacinar cells | Secretin |
| digestive enzymes | Basophilic cells | CCK |
Pancreatic secretions from ductal cells contain bicarbonate ions and are alkaline in order to neutralize the acidic chyme that the stomach churns out.
The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for digesting fats (lipids) and proteins. (The enzymes that digest polysaccharides, by contrast, are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines.)
The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes. The major proteases which the pancreas secretes are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Secreted to a lesser degree are pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase).
It is important to synthesize inactive enzymes in the pancreas to avoid autodegradation, which can lead to pancreatitis. These granules are termed zymogen granules (the term "zymogen" referring to the inactive precursor enzymes). Trypsinogen is an inactivated forms of trypsin, and chymotrypsinogen is an inactivated form of chymotrypsin.
Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enterokinase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen to their active forms.
External links
- MeSH Exocrine+pancreas
- p_02/12608706 at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- Histology at BU 10404loa
- Histology at anhb.uwa.edu.au
- Histology at pathguy.com
- Histology at ucsf.edu
- Diagram at gastroresource.com
Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Digestive glands | |
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| Liver | by region: Left lobe (Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe) • Right lobe • Transverse fissure of liver
by function: Fibrous capsule of Glisson • Hepatocyte • Space of Disse • Space of Mall • Kupffer cell • Liver sinusoid • Ito cell • Hepatic lobule bile ducts: Bile canaliculus • Canals of Hering • Interlobular bile ducts • Intrahepatic bile ducts • Left and Right hepatic ducts • Common hepatic duct |
| Gallbladder | by region: Body • Fundus • Neck ducts: Cystic duct |
| Pancreas | by region: Tail • Body • Head • Uncinate process
by function: Islets of Langerhans • Exocrine pancreas ducts: Pancreatic duct • Accessory pancreatic duct |
| Common | Common bile duct • Hepatopancreatic ampulla • Sphincter of Oddi |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
