Harmaline
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| Harmaline | |
|---|---|
| Image:Harmaline.png | |
| Systematic name | 7-methoxy-1-methyl -3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole[1] |
| Chemical formula | C13H14N2O[1] |
| Molecular mass | 214.263 g/mol[1] |
| Melting point | *232–234 °C[1] |
| 262 °C (·HCl·2H2O)[1] | |
| CAS number | 304-21-2[1] |
| SMILES | CC1=C2C(=C3C=CC (=CC3=N2)OC)CCN1[1] |
| Disclaimer and references | |
Harmaline is a fluorescent psychoactive indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the reduced hydrated form of harmine.
Occurrence in Nature
Various plants contain harmaline including Banisteriopsis caapi (a jungle vine) und Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue) as well as the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca .
Effects
Harmaline is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)."[1] It being selectively an MAO-A inhibitor means that it only binds to MAO-A and it leaves MAO-B free to metabolize tyrosine-containing foods that can be dangerous with MAO-B inhibitors. The reversibility means that, instead of binding permanently to MAO-A for weeks until the body replaces the MAO-A enzyme molecules, harmaline binds to the MAO-A enzyme for only up to 24 hours until it "reverses" its inhibition by separating from MAO-A. This means that the risk of a hypertensive crisis, a dangerous high blood pressure crisis from eating tyrosine-rich foods such as cheese, is potentially lower with harmaline than with non-reversible MAOI's, especially after 24 hours following ingestion.
Depending upon the dosage, harmaline induces temporary oneirophrenia and ataxia. Harmaline, on the higher end of its safe dosage range, has hallucinogenic properties, but it differentiates itself significantly from the "classical" hallucinogens in its pharmacology. Since harmaline is a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it could increase the effect of some drugs problematically. Harmaline causes no known physical or psychological dependence.
United States Patent Number 5591738 describes a method for treating various chemical dependencies via the administration of harmaline and or other beta-carbolines.[1]
Harmaline has also been shown to induce "vasorelaxant effects" in "isolated rat aorta."[1]
Harmaline has both protective and toxic effects on neurons.[1]
History
In the year 1841 harmaline was isolated from Peganum harmala by Goegel.[1] It was first synthesized in 1930 by Hasenfratz.[1]
External links
- Antileishmanial activity of harmaline and other tryptamine derivatives A. Tudor Evans, Simon L. Croft, Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCIE 7HT, UK
References
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
