Histamine H3 receptor

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The correct title of this article is Histamine H3 receptor. It appears incorrectly here because of technical restrictions.
Histamine receptor H3
Identifiers
Symbol(s) HRH3; GPCR97; HH3R
External IDs OMIM: 604525 MGI: 2139279 Homologene: 5232
RNA expression pattern

Image:PBB GE HRH3 220447 at tn.png

Image:PBB GE HRH3 221663 x at tn.png

More reference expression data

Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 11255 99296
Ensembl ENSG00000101180 ENSMUSG00000039059
Uniprot Q9Y5N1 Q3U1A2
Refseq NM_007232 (mRNA)
NP_009163 (protein) 		NM_133849 (mRNA)
NP_598610 (protein)
Location Chr 20: 60.22 - 60.23 Mb Chr 2: 180.03 - 180.03 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Histamine H3 receptors are expressed in the central nervous system and, to a lesser extent, the peripheral nervous system, where they act as autoreceptors in presynaptic histaminergic neurons, and control histamine turnover[1] by feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and release as well.[1] The H3 receptor also been shown to presynaptically inhibit the release of a number of other neurotransmitters (i.e. it acts as an inhibitory heteroreceptor) including, but probably not limited to dopamine, GABA, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and serotonin.

This receptor has been proposed as a target for treating sleep disorders.[1]

Locations of H3 receptors

Function

H3 receptors function as presynaptic autoreceptors on histamine-containing neurons [1]. The diverse expression of H3 receptors throughout the cortex and subcortex indicates its ability to modulate the release of a large number of neurotransmitters.

Pharmacology

Histamine
Histamine

Like all histamine receptors the H3 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor. The H3 receptor is coupled to the Gi G-protein, so it leads to inhibition of the formation of cAMP. Also, the β and γ subunits interact with N-type voltage gated calcium channels, to reduce action potential mediated influx of calcium and hence reduce neurotransmitter release.

The gene sequence for H3 receptors expresses only about 22% and 20% homology with both H1 and H2 receptors respectively.

Pharmacologic potential

Because of its ability to modulate other neurotransmitters, H3 receptor ligands are being investigated for the treatment of numerous neurological conditions, including obesity (because of the histamine/orexinergic system interaction), movement disorders (because of H3 receptor-modulation of dopamine and GABA in the basal ganglia), schizophrenia and ADHD (again because of dopamine modulation) and research is even underway as to whether H3 receptor ligands could be useful in modulating wakefulness (because of effects on noradrenaline, glutamate and histamine).[1]

Isoforms

There are at least six H3 receptor isoforms in the human, and up to 12 discovered so far.[1] In rats there have been six H3 receptor subtypes identified so far. Mice also have three reported isoforms.[1] These subtypes all have subtle difference in their pharmacology (and presumably distribution, based on studies in rats) but the exact physiological role of these isoforms is still unclear.

History

H3 receptors agonists and antagonists

H3-receptor Agonists

Currently no therapeutic products selective for H3 receptors. Some, though not totally selective, are:

H3-receptor Antagonists

These include:[1]

See also Histamine_antagonist#H3-receptor_antagonists.

References

Further reading

  • Hill SJ, Ganellin CR, Timmerman H, et al. (1997). "International Union of Pharmacology. XIII. Classification of histamine receptors.". Pharmacol. Rev. 49 (3): 253-78. PMID 9311023.
  • Malinowska B, Godlewski G, Schlicker E (1998). "Histamine H3 receptors--general characterization and their function in the cardiovascular system.". J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 49 (2): 191-211. PMID 9670104.
  • Leurs R, Hoffmann M, Wieland K, Timmerman H (2000). "H3 receptor gene is cloned at last.". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21 (1): 11-2. PMID 10637648.
  • Leurs R, Bakker RA, Timmerman H, de Esch IJ (2005). "The histamine H3 receptor: from gene cloning to H3 receptor drugs.". Nature reviews. Drug discovery 4 (2): 107-20. doi:10.1038/nrd1631. PMID 15665857.
  • Esbenshade TA, Fox GB, Cowart MD (2006). "Histamine H3 receptor antagonists: preclinical promise for treating obesity and cognitive disorders.". Mol. Interv. 6 (2): 77-88, 59. doi:10.1124/mi.6.2.5. PMID 16565470.
  • Lovenberg TW, Roland BL, Wilson SJ, et al. (1999). "Cloning and functional expression of the human histamine H3 receptor.". Mol. Pharmacol. 55 (6): 1101-7. PMID 10347254.
  • Nakamura T, Itadani H, Hidaka Y, et al. (2001). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a new human histamine receptor, HH4R.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279 (2): 615-20. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.4008. PMID 11118334.
  • Cogé F, Guénin SP, Audinot V, et al. (2001). "Genomic organization and characterization of splice variants of the human histamine H3 receptor.". Biochem. J. 355 (Pt 2): 279-88. PMID 11284713.
  • Silver RB, Poonwasi KS, Seyedi N, et al. (2002). "Decreased intracellular calcium mediates the histamine H3-receptor-induced attenuation of norepinephrine exocytosis from cardiac sympathetic nerve endings.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (1): 501-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.012506099. PMID 11752397.
  • Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, et al. (2002). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20.". Nature 414 (6866): 865-71. doi:10.1038/414865a. PMID 11780052.
  • Wiedemann P, Bönisch H, Oerters F, Brüss M (2002). "Structure of the human histamine H3 receptor gene (HRH3) and identification of naturally occurring variations.". Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 109 (4): 443-53. doi:10.1007/s007020200036. PMID 11956964.
  • Wellendorph P, Goodman MW, Burstein ES, et al. (2002). "Molecular cloning and pharmacology of functionally distinct isoforms of the human histamine H(3) receptor.". Neuropharmacology 42 (7): 929-40. PMID 12069903.
  • Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899-903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
  • Lozeva V, Tuomisto L, Tarhanen J, Butterworth RF (2004). "Increased concentrations of histamine and its metabolite, tele-methylhistamine and down-regulation of histamine H3 receptor sites in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients who died in hepatic coma.". J. Hepatol. 39 (4): 522-7. PMID 12971961.
  • Lippert U, Artuc M, Grützkau A, et al. (2004). "Human skin mast cells express H2 and H4, but not H3 receptors.". J. Invest. Dermatol. 123 (1): 116-23. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22721.x. PMID 15191551.
  • Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121-7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.

External links

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .

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