Human placental lactogen
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| chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (placental lactogen)
| |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CSH1 |
| Entrez | 1442 |
| HUGO | 2440 |
| OMIM | 150200 |
| RefSeq | NM_001317 |
| UniProt | Q6PF11 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 17 q22-q24 |
| chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2
| |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CSH2 |
| Entrez | 1443 |
| HUGO | 2441 |
| OMIM | 118820 |
| RefSeq | NM_020991 |
| UniProt | P01243 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 17 q22-q24 |
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Human placental lactogen (HPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone. Its structure and function is similar to that of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. HPL is an anti-insulin.
Structure
HPL consists of 190 amino acids that are linked by two disulfite bonds and is secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Its molecular weight is 22,125. Like human growth hormone HPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. Its biologic half-life is 15 minutes.
Levels
HPL is only present during pregnancy with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5–7 mg/ml. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little HPL enters the fetal circulation.
Function
In a bioassay HPL mimics the action of prolactin, yet it is unclear if HPL has any role in human lactation.
HPL affects the metabolic system of the maternal organism. HPL increases production of insulin and IGF-1 and increases insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance. Chronic hypoglycemia leads to a rise in HPL. HPL induces lipolysis with the release of free fatty acids, increase in insulin secretion and insulin resistance. With fasting and release of HPL, free fatty acids become available for the maternal organism as fuel, so that relatively more glucose can be utilized by the fetus. Also, ketones formed from free fatty acids can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus. These events support energy supply to the fetus in states of starvation.
Clinical measurement of HPL
While HPL has been used as an indicator of fetal well-being and growth, other fetal monitoring methods have been found to be more reliable. Also, normal pregnancies have been reported with undetectable maternal levels of HPL.
References
- Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Sixth edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD 1999. ISNB 0-683-30379-1.
External links
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
