Myxedema

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Myxoedema Classification and external resources
ICD-10	E03.9
ICD-9	244.9
DiseasesDB	6558
MedlinePlus	000353
eMedicine	med/1581  derm/347
MeSH	D009230

WikiDoc Resources for Myxedema
Articles
Most recent articles on Myxedema Most cited articles on Myxedema Review articles on Myxedema Articles on Myxedema in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Myxedema Images of Myxedema Photos of Myxedema Podcasts & MP3s on Myxedema Videos on Myxedema
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Myxedema Bandolier on Myxedema TRIP on Myxedema
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Myxedema at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Myxedema Clinical Trials on Myxedema at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Myxedema NICE Guidance on Myxedema NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Myxedema CDC on Myxedema
Books
Books on Myxedema
News
Myxedema in the news Be alerted to news on Myxedema News trends on Myxedema
Commentary
Blogs on Myxedema
Definitions
Definitions of Myxedema
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Myxedema Discussion groups on Myxedema Patient Handouts on Myxedema Directions to Hospitals Treating Myxedema Risk calculators and risk factors for Myxedema
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Myxedema Causes & Risk Factors for Myxedema Diagnostic studies for Myxedema Treatment of Myxedema
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Myxedema
International
Myxedema en Espanol Myxedema en Francais
Businness
Myxedema in the Marketplace Patents on Myxedema
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Myxedema

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Overview

Myxedema (British spelling: myxoedema) is a skin and tissue disorder usually due to severe prolonged hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism can be caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, surgical removal of the thyroid, and rarer conditions. Partial forms of myxedema, especially of the lower legs (called pretibial myxedema), occasionally occur in adults with Graves' disease, a cause of hyperthyroidism; or also Hashimoto's thyroiditis without severe hypothyroidism.

Symptoms

Myxedema usually presents itself with some of the following symptoms:

• Skin thickening
• Coarse skin
• Change in facial appearance
• Thickening nose
• Swollen lips
• Puffiness around the eyes
• Jelly-like infiltrations in subcutaneous tissues
• Slow speech
• Mental dullness
• Lethargy
• Mental problems
• Dry skin
• Yellow skin
• Swollen subcutaneous tissue
• Weight gain
• Constipation
• Thinning hair
• Brittle hair
• Bald patches
• Muscle pains
• Deafness
• Hearing impairment
• Carpal tunnel syndrome

Causes

Myxedema stemming from both the hyperthyroid and hypothyroid conditions, results from the accumulation of increased amounts of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in the dermis in both lesional and normal skin. The mechanism that causes myxedema is still not yet understood, although animal model studies suggest that thyroid hormones affect the synthesis and catabolism of mucopolysaccharides and collagen by dermal fibroblasts. The fibroblasts in the orbital and pretibial dermis share antigenic sites that underlie the autoimmune process that causes Grave's disease. This cross-reaction may contribute to the development of myxedema long after normal levels of thyroid hormones have been restored by treatment.

Treatment

Treatment for myxedema is difficult. Systemic or intralesional glucocorticoids, topical glucocorticoids under occlusion or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin have been reported to offer some relief to patients. Treatment should follow correction of the original hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism.

See also

• Cretinism - congenital hypothyroidism

References

v • d • e Endocrine pathology: endocrine diseases (E00-35, 240-259)
Thyroid	Hypothyroidism (Iodine deficiency, Cretinism, Congenital hypothyroidism, Goitre, Myxedema) - Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, Teratoma with thyroid tissue or Struma ovarii) - Thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis) - Euthyroid sick syndrome
Pancreas	Diabetes mellitus (type 1, type 2, coma, angiopathy, ketoacidosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy) - Hypoglycemia - Hyperinsulinism - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - insulin receptor (Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome)
Parathyroid	Hypoparathyroidism (Pseudohypoparathyroidism) - Hyperparathyroidism (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
Pituitary	Hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly, Hyperprolactinaemia, SIADH) - Hypopituitarism (Simmonds' disease/Sheehan's syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Growth hormone deficiency, Diabetes insipidus) - Adiposogenital dystrophy - Empty sella syndrome
Adrenal	Cushing's syndrome (Nelson's syndrome, Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome) - CAH (Lipoid, 3β, 11β, 17α, 21α) - Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome, Bartter syndrome) - Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) - Hypoaldosteronism
Gonads	ovarian dysfunction (Polycystic ovary syndrome, Premature ovarian failure) - testicular dysfunction (5-alpha-reductase deficiency) - testosterone biosynthesis (17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency) - general (Hypogonadism, Delayed puberty, Precocious puberty)
Other	Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Carcinoid syndrome - Gigantism - Short stature (Laron syndrome, Psychogenic dwarfism) - Multiple endocrine neoplasia (1, 2) - Progeria - Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome

fr:Myxœdème

v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Myxedema
Articles on Myxedema	Most recent articles on Myxedema • Most cited articles on Myxedema • Review articles on Myxedema • Articles on Myxedema in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Myxedema	Powerpoint slides on Myxedema • Images of Myxedema • Photos of Myxedema • Podcasts & MP3s on Myxedema • Videos on Myxedema
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Myxedema	Cochrane Collaboration on Myxedema • Bandolier on Myxedema • TRIP on Myxedema
Cost Effectiveness of Myxedema	Cost Effectiveness of Myxedema
Clinical Trials Involving Myxedema	Ongoing Trials on Myxedema at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Myxedema • Clinical Trials on Myxedema at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Myxedema	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Myxedema • NICE Guidance on Myxedema • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Myxedema • CDC on Myxedema
Textbook Information on Myxedema	Books and Textbook Information on Myxedema
Pharmacology Resources on Myxedema	Dosing of Myxedema • Drug interactions with Myxedema • Side effects of Myxedema • Allergic reactions to Myxedema • Overdose information on Myxedema • Carcinogenicity information on Myxedema • Myxedema in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Myxedema •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Myxedema	Genetics of Myxedema • Pharmacogenomics of Myxedema • Proteomics of Myxedema
Newstories on Myxedema	Myxedema in the news • Be alerted to news on Myxedema • News trends on Myxedema
Commentary on Myxedema	Blogs on Myxedema
Patient Resources on Myxedema	Patient resources on Myxedema • Discussion groups on Myxedema • Patient Handouts on Myxedema • Directions to Hospitals Treating Myxedema • Risk calculators and risk factors for Myxedema
Healthcare Provider Resources on Myxedema	Symptoms of Myxedema • Causes & Risk Factors for Myxedema • Diagnostic studies for Myxedema • Treatment of Myxedema
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Myxedema	CME Programs on Myxedema
International Resources on Myxedema	Myxedema en Espanol • Myxedema en Francais
Business Resources on Myxedema	Myxedema in the Marketplace • Patents on Myxedema
Informatics Resources on Myxedema	List of terms related to Myxedema

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .