In some instances, the national status (nation state) of some countries changed after a Nobel laureate lived in the country and became a Nobel Laureate.
The flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following circumstances:
Some laureates obtained additional citizenships during their lifetime.
For those with multiple citizenships, the year they obtained an additional citizenship, when known, precedes the country of citizenship.
| Year
| Name
| Nationality
| Motivation
|
| 1901
| Emil Adolf von Behring
| Template:Country data German Empire
| "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[1]
|
| 1902
| Ronald Ross
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[1]
|
| 1903
| Niels Ryberg Finsen
| Template:Country data Denmark
| "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[1]
|
| 1904
| Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
| Image:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
| "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[1]
|
| 1905
| Robert Koch
| Template:Country data German Empire
| "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[1]
|
| 1906
| Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramón y Cajal
| Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Italy Template:Country data Spain
| "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[1]
|
| 1907
| Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
| Image:Flag of France.svg France
| "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[1]
|
| 1908
| Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Paul Ehrlich
| Image:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire Template:Country data German Empire
| "in recognition of their work on immunity"[1]
|
| 1909
| Emil Theodor Kocher
| Template:Country data Switzerland
| "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[1]
|
| 1910
| Albrecht Kossel
| Template:Country data German Empire
| "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[1]
|
| 1911
| Allvar Gullstrand
| Template:Country data Sweden
| "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[1]
|
| 1912
| Alexis Carrel
| Image:Flag of France.svg France
| "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[1]
|
| 1913
| Charles Robert Richet
| Image:Flag of France.svg France
| "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[1]
|
| 1914
| Robert Bárány
| Template:Country data Austria
| "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[1]
|
| 1915
| [No award]
|
|
| 1916
| [No award]
|
|
| 1917
| [No award]
|
|
| 1918
| [No award]
|
|
| 1919
| Jules Bordet
| Template:Country data Belgium
| "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[1]
|
| 1920
| Schack August Steenberg Krogh
| Template:Country data Denmark
| "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[1]
|
| 1921
| [No award]
|
|
| 1922*
| Archibald Vivian Hill
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[1]
|
| 1922*
| Otto Fritz Meyerhof
| Template:Country data German Empire
| "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[1]
|
| 1923
| Frederick Grant Banting John James Richard Macleod
| Template:Country data Canada Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for the discovery of insulin"[1]
|
| 1924
| Willem Einthoven
| Template:Country data Netherlands
| "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[1]
|
| 1925
| [No award]
|
|
| 1926
| Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
| Template:Country data Denmark
| "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[1]
|
| 1927
| Julius Wagner-Jauregg
| Template:Country data Austria
| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[1]
|
| 1928
| Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
| Image:Flag of France.svg France
| "for his work on typhus"[1]
|
| 1929*
| Christiaan Eijkman
| Template:Country data Netherlands
| "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[1]
|
| 1929*
| Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[1]
|
| 1930
| Karl Landsteiner
| Template:Country data Austria
| "for his discovery of human blood groups"[1]
|
| 1931
| Otto Heinrich Warburg
| Template:Country data German Empire
| "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[1]
|
| 1932
| Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Edgar Douglas Adrian
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[1]
|
| 1933
| Thomas Hunt Morgan
| Template:Country data USA
| "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[1]
|
| 1934
| George Hoyt Whipple George Richards Minot William Parry Murphy,
| Template:Country data USA Template:Country data USA Template:Country data USA
| "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[1]
|
| 1935
| Hans Spemann
| Template:Country data German Empire
| "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[1]
|
| 1936
| Sir Henry Hallett Dale Otto Loewi
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom; Template:Country data German Empire 1903: Template:Country data Austria 1946: Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[1]
|
| 1937
| Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt
| Template:Country data Hungary
| "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[1]
|
| 1938
| Corneille Jean François Heymans
| Template:Country data Belgium
| "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[1]
|
| 1939
| Gerhard Domagk
| Template:Country data German Empire
| "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[1]
|
| 1940
| [No award]
|
|
| 1941
| [No award]
|
|
| 1942
| [No award]
|
|
| 1943*
| Carl Peter Henrik Dam
| Template:Country data Denmark
| "for his discovery of vitamin K"[1]
|
| 1943*
| Edward Adelbert Doisy
| Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[1]
|
| 1944
| Joseph Erlanger Herbert Spencer Gasser
| Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[1]
|
| 1945
| Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey,
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom; Template:Country data German Empire Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom; Template:Country data Australia Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[1]
|
| 1946
| Hermann Joseph Muller
| Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[1]
|
| 1947*
| Carl Ferdinand Cori Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
| Template:Country data Czech Republic Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States; Template:Country data Czech Republic Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[1]
|
| 1947*
| Bernardo Alberto Houssay
| Template:Country data Argentina
| "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[1]
|
| 1948
| Paul Hermann Müller
| Template:Country data Switzerland
| "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[1]
|
| 1949*
| Walter Rudolf Hess
| Template:Country data Switzerland
| "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[1]
|
| 1949*
| Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
| Template:Country data Portugal
| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[1]
|
| 1950
| Edward Calvin Kendall Tadeusz Reichstein Philip Showalter Hench
| Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States; Template:Country data Poland Template:Country data Switzerland; Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[1]
|
| 1951
| Max Theiler
| Template:Country data South Africa Template:Country data Switzerland
| "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[1]
|
| 1952
| Selman Abraham Waksman
| Image:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire, 1916: Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[1]
|
| 1953*
| Hans Adolf Krebs
| Template:Country data German Empire Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[1]
|
| 1953*
| Fritz Albert Lipmann
| Template:Country data German Empire Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[1]
|
| 1954
| John Franklin Enders Thomas Huckle Weller Frederick Chapman Robbins
| Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[1]
|
| 1955
| Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
| Template:Country data Sweden
| "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[1]
|
| 1956
| André Frédéric Cournand Werner Forssmann Dickinson W. Richards
| Image:Flag of France.svg France, 1941: Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States; Template:Country data West Germany Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[1]
|
| 1957
| Daniel Bovet
| Template:Country data Switzerland Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italy
| "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[1]
|
| 1958*
| George Wells Beadle Edward Lawrie Tatum
| Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[1]
|
| 1958*
| Joshua Lederberg
| Image:US flag 48 stars.svg United States
| "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[1]
|
| 1959
| Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg
| Template:Country data Spain Image:US flag 49 stars.svg United States; Image:US flag 49 stars.svg United States
| "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[1]
|
| 1960
| Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Peter Brian Medawar
| Template:Country data Australia Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom; Template:Country data Brazil Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[1]
|
| 1961
| Georg von Békésy
| Template:Country data Hungary
| "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[1]
|
| 1962
| Francis Harry Compton Crick James Dewey Watson Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Template:Country data New Zealand Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[1]
|
| 1963
| Sir John Carew Eccles Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Andrew Fielding Huxley
| Template:Country data Australia Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[1]
|
| 1964
| Konrad Bloch Feodor Lynen
| Template:Country data German Empire, Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Country data West Germany
| "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[1]
|
| 1965
| François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod
| Image:Flag of France.svg France Image:Flag of France.svg France Image:Flag of France.svg France
| "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[1]
|
| 1966*
| Peyton Rous
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[1]
|
| 1966*
| Charles B. Huggins
| Template:Country data Canada Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[1]
|
| 1967
| Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald
| Template:Country data Finland 1940: Template:Country data Sweden; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[1]
|
| 1968
| Robert W. Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Template:Country data India 1966: Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[1]
|
| 1969
| Max Delbrück Alfred Hershey Salvador E. Luria
| Template:Country data West Germany Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italy
| "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[1]
|
| 1970
| Sir Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler Julius Axelrod
| Template:Country data Germany 1941: Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom; Template:Country data Sweden Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[1]
|
| 1971
| Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[1]
|
| 1972
| Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[1]
|
| 1973
| Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen
| Template:Country data Austria Template:Country data Austria Template:Country data Netherlands
| "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[1]
|
| 1974
| Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade
| Template:Country data Belgium; Template:Country data Belgium; Template:Country data Romania 1952: Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[1]
|
| 1975
| David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard Martin Temin
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[1]
|
| 1976
| Baruch S. Blumberg D. Carleton Gajdusek
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[1]
|
| 1977*
| Roger Guillemin Andrew Wiktor Schally
| Image:Flag of France.svg France 1965: Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[1]
|
| 1977*
| Rosalyn Yalow
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[1]
|
| 1978
| Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith
| Template:Country data Switzerland Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[1]
|
| 1979
| Allan M. Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield
| Template:Country data South Africa 1966: Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[1]
|
| 1980
| Baruj Benacerraf Jean Dausset George D. Snell
| Template:Country data Venezuela 1943: Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of France.svg France; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[1]
|
| 1981*
| Roger W. Sperry
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[1]
|
| 1981*
| David H. Hubel Torsten N. Wiesel
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Country data Sweden
| "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[1]
|
| 1982
| Sune Bergström Bengt I. Samuelsson John R. Vane
| Template:Country data Sweden Template:Country data Sweden Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[1]
|
| 1983
| Barbara McClintock
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[1]
|
| 1984
| Niels K. Jerne Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein
| Template:Country data Denmark; Template:Country data West Germany; Template:Country data Argentina Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[1]
|
| 1985
| Michael S. Brown Joseph L. Goldstein
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[1]
|
| 1986
| Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries of growth factors"[1]
|
| 1987
| Susumu Tonegawa
| Template:Country data Japan
| "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[1]
|
| 1988
| Sir James W. Black Gertrude B. Elion George H. Hitchings
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[1]
|
| 1989
| J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[1]
|
| 1990
| Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[1]
|
| 1991
| Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann
| Template:Country data Germany Template:Country data Germany
| "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[1]
|
| 1992
| Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs
| Template:Country data Switzerland Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States; Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[1]
|
| 1993
| Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp
| Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries of split genes"[1]
|
| 1994
| Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[1]
|
| 1995
| Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Eric F. Wieschaus
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Country data Germany Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[1]
|
| 1996
| Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel
| Template:Country data Australia Template:Country data Switzerland
| "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[1]
|
| 1997
| Stanley B. Prusiner
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[1]
|
| 1998
| Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[1]
|
| 1999
| Günter Blobel
| Template:Country data Germany 1987: Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[1]
|
| 2000
| Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel
| Template:Country data Sweden Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
| "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[1]
|
| 2001
| Leland H. Hartwell R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse
| Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[1]
|
|