Otto Loewi

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[[Image:|300px| ]] Otto Loewi
Data 1:
Data 2:	June 3, 1873 Frankfurt
Data 3 (data hidden if data3 empty or not defined):	December 25, 1961

Otto Loewi (June 3, 1873 – December 25, 1961) was an Austrian-German-American pharmacologist. His discovery of acetylcholine helped enhance medical therapy and personally earned for him the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Sir Henry Dale. He has been referred to as the "Father of Neuroscience."

Biography

Loewi was born in Frankfurt, Germany. He received his medical doctoral degree from University of Strasbourg (then part of Germany) in 1896 where he also was a member of the fraternity Burschenschaft Germania Strassburg. He was never particularly interested in clinical work, so after seeing a number of deaths due to incurable diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia, he decided to direct his energies to pharmacology research.

Beginning in 1898, he spent many years in Austria, where his first lines of research were in the area of metabolism. Loewi investigated how vital organs respond to chemical and electrical stimulation. He also established their relative dependence on epinephrine for proper function. Consequently, he learnt how nerve impulses are transmitted by chemical messengers. The first chemical neurotransmitter that he identified was acetylcholine.

In 1903, he accepted an appointment at the University of Graz in Austria, where he would remain until being forced out of the country in 1938. In 1905 he received Austrian citizenship.

He married Guida Goldschmiedt in 1908. They had three sons and a daughter. He was the last Jew hired by the University between 1903 and the end of the war.

After being arrested, along with two of his sons, on the night of the German invasion of Austria, March 11, 1938, Loewi was released on condition that he "voluntarily" relinquish all his possessions to the Nazis. Loewi moved to the United States in 1940, where he became a research professor at the New York University College of Medicine. In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1954, he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He died in New York City on December 25, 1961.

Shortly after Loewi's death in late 1961, his youngest son bestowed the gold Nobel medal on the Royal Society for the Advancement of Science in London. He gave the Nobel diploma to the University of Graz in Austria in 1983, where it currently resides, along with a bronze copy of a bust of Loewi. The original of the bust is at the Marine Biological Institute in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Loewi's summer home from his arrival in the US until his death.

Research

Before Loewi's experiments, it was unclear whether signalling across the synapse was bioelectrical or chemical. Loewi's famous experiment, published in 1921, largely answered this question. According to Loewi, the idea for his key experiment came to him in his sleep. He dissected out of frogs two beating hearts: one with the vagus nerve which controls heart rate attached, the other heart on its own. Both hearts were bathed in a saline solution (i.e. Ringer's solution). By electrically stimulating the vagus nerve, Loewi made the first heart beat slower. Then, Loewi took some of the liquid bathing the first heart and applied it to the second heart. The application of the liquid made the second heart also beat slower, proving that some soluble chemical released by the vagus nerve was controlling the heart rate. He called the unknown chemical Vagusstoff. It was later found that this chemical corresponded to acetylcholine (Kandel, et al 2000).

Loewi's investigations “On an augmentation of adrenaline release by cocaine” and “On the connection between digitalis and the action of calcium” were profound concepts and were studied relentlessly by others decades later.

He also clarified two mechanisms of eminent therapeutic importance: the blockade and the augmentation of nerve action by certain drugs.

He is almost as famous for the means by which the idea for his experiment came to him as he is for the experiment itself. On Easter Saturday 1920, he dreamed of an experiment that would prove once and for all that transmission of nerve impulses was chemical, not electrical. He woke up, scribbled the experiment onto a scrap of paper on his night-stand, and went back to sleep.

The next morning he arose very excited because he knew this dream had been very important. But he found, to his horror, that he couldn't read his midnight scribbles. That day, he said, was the longest day of his life, as he could not remember his dream. That night, however, he had the same dream. This time, he immediately went to his lab to perform the experiment.

Fourteen years later, Loewi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with Sir Henry Hallett Dale.

• Lembeck, F (1973), "[Otto Loewi--a scientist against his contemporary background (author's transl)]", Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 85 (42): 685-6, 1973 Oct 19, PMID:4587917, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4587917>
• Kenéz, J (1973), "[An epoch-making discovery with simple means (in memory of Otto Loewi)]", Orvosi hetilap 114 (28): 1691-6, 1973 Jul, PMID:4578900, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4578900>
• Gunther, B (1973), "[The strange story of a discovery (Otto Loewi)]", Revista médica de Chile 100 (12): 1511-4, 1973 Jul, PMID:4348757, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4348757>
• Babskiĭ, E B (1973), "[Otto Loewi (on the 100th anniversary of his birth]", Fiziologicheskiĭ zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova 59 (6): 970-2, 1973 Jun, PMID:4583680, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4583680>
• Nathan, H (1973), "[Professor Otto Loewi 1873-1961]", Die Medizinische Welt 24 (8): 311-2, 1973 Feb 23, PMID:4569415, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4569415>
• Cheymol, J, "[In 1921, 50 years ago, Otto Loewi proved the existence of chemical mediators of the nervous system]", Therapie 27 (1): 57-65, PMID:4335999, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4335999>
• DALE, H H (1963), "[OTTO LOEWI.]", Ergebnisse der Physiologie, biologischen Chemie und experimentellen Pharmakologie 52: 1-19, 1963, PMID:14281178, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14281178>
• STERN, P & Hukovic, S, "[Otto LOEWI (1873-1961).]", Medicinski arhiv 16: 81-5, PMID:13983955, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13983955>
• KUFFLER, S W (1962), "Otto LOEWI, 1873-1961.", J. Neurophysiol. 25: 451-3, 1962 May, PMID:14036935, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14036935>
• LAVES, W (1962), "[Reminiscences about Otto LOEWI (1873-1961).]", Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950) 104: 563-4, 1962 Mar 23, PMID:14037160, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14037160>
• HAUSLER, H F (1953), "[To Dr. Otto Loewi on his 80th birthday.]", Arzneimittel-Forschung 3 (5): 261-3, 1953 May, PMID:13081474, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13081474>

• Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965.
• Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). ISBN 0-8385-7701-6

External links

• Otto Loewi Biography. Nobel Foundation.
• Sabbatini, R.M.E.: Neurons and synapses. The history of its discovery. IV. Chemical transmission. Brain & Mind, 2004.

{{cite web

| url = http://www.meduni-graz.at/pharma/b-loewi-e.htm
| title = OTTO LOEWI (1873–1961) and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical University of Graz
| publisher = Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie der Medizinischen Universität Graz 
| date = 2004-01-01
| accessdate = 2007-07-27

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