PAX8

You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. You can begin to add to or edit text on this WikiDoc page by clicking on the edit button at the top of this page. Next enter or edit the information that you would like to appear here. Once you are done editing, scroll down and click the Save page button at the bottom of the page.

Jump to: navigation, search


Paired box gene 8
Image:PBB Protein PAX8 image.jpg
PDB rendering based on 1k78.
Available structures:
For the file format that describes the 3D structures of molecules found in the Protein Data Bank, see Protein Data Bank (file format).

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for 3-D structural data of proteins and nucleic acids. These data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, are submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, are released into the public domain, and can be accessed for free.

History

Founded in 1971 by Drs. Edgar Meyer and Walter Hamilton Brookhaven National Laboratory, management of the Protein Data Bank was transferred in 1998 to members of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB).

The Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) consists of organizations that act as deposition, data processing and distribution centers for PDB data. The founding members are RCSB PDB (USA), MSD-EBI (Europe) and PDBj (Japan). The BMRB (USA) group joined the wwPDB in 2006. The mission of the wwPDB is to maintain a single Protein Data Bank Archive of macromolecular structural data that is freely and publicly available to the global community.

The PDB is a key resource in structural biology and is critical to more recent work in structural genomics.

Countless derived databases and projects have been developed to integrate and classify the PDB in terms of protein structure, protein function and protein evolution.

Growth

When the PDB was originally founded it contained just 7 protein structures. Since then it has undergone an approximate exponential growth in the number of structures, which does not show any sign of falling off.

The growth rate of the PDB has been the subject of fairly extensive analysis.

Contents

As of 26 September, 2006, the database contained 39,051 released atomic coordinate entries (or "structures"), 35,767 of that proteins, the rest being nucleic acids, nucleic acid-protein complexes, and a few other molecules. About 5,000 new structures are released each year. Data are stored in the mmCIF format specifically developed for the purpose.

Note that the database stores information about the exact location of all atoms in a large biomolecule (although, usually without the hydrogen atoms, as their positions are more of a statistical estimate); if one is only interested in sequence data, i.e. the list of amino acids making up a particular protein or the list of nucleotides making up a particular nucleic acid, the much larger databases from Swiss-Prot and the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration should be used.

Statistics

As of 11 September, 2007, the "PDB Holdings List" at RCSB reported the following statistics:

Proteins Nucleic Acids Protein/NA complexes Other Total
X-ray diffraction 36223 983 1684 24 38914
NMR 5665 781 134 7 6587
Electron microscopy 105 10 38 0 153
Other 80 4 4 2 90
Total 42073 1778 1860 33 45744

Note that theoretical models are no longer accepted in the PDB.

22461 structures in the PDB have a structure factor file. 3138 structures in the PDB have an NMR restraint file.

The current breakdown of holdings is updated weekly.

File format

Through the years the PDB file format has undergone many, many changes and revisions. Its original format was dictated by the width of computer punch cards.

This legacy format has caused many problems with the format, and consequently there are 'clean-up' projects;

The MMDB uses ASN.1 (and an XML conversion of this format). The wwPDB members RCSB PDB, MSD-EBI, and PDBj are working together to make the data uniform across the archive. Some believe this to be desirable; others argue that, without a universal repository of information (i.e., a common dictionary), it is not possible to draw comparisons.

Each structure published in PDB receives a four-character alphanumeric identifier, its PDB ID. This should not be used as an identifier for biomolecules, since often several structures for the same molecule (in different environments or conformations) are contained in PDB with different PDB IDs.

If a biologist submits structure data for a protein or nucleic acid, wwPDB staff reviews and annotates the entry. The data are then automatically checked for plausibility. The source code for this validation software has been released for free. The main data base accepts only experimentally derived structures, and not theoretically predicted ones (see protein structure prediction).

Various funding agencies and scientific journals now require scientists to submit their structure data to PDB.

Viewing the data

The structural data can be used to visualize the biomolecules with appropriate software, such as VMD, RasMol, PyMOL, Jmol, MDL Chime, QuteMol, web browser VRML plugin or any web-based software designed to visualize and analyse the protein structures such as STING. A recent desktop software addition is Sirius. The RCSB PDB website also contains resources for education, structural genomics, and related software.

References

Printed

  • H.M. Berman, K. Henrick, H. Nakamura (2003): Announcing the worldwide Protein Data Bank. Nature Structural Biology 10 (12), p. 980 PMID 14634627.
  • H.M. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z. Feng, G. Gilliland, T.N. Bhat, H. Weissig, I.N. Shindyalov, P.E. Bourne: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 28 pp. 235-242 (2000). PMID 10592235
  • Bernstein FC, Koetzle TF, Williams GJ, Meyer Jr EF, Brice MD, Rodgers JR, Kennard O, Shimanouchi T, Tasumi M. The Protein Data Bank: a computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. J Mol Biol 1977;112:535-542. PMID 875032.
  • E.F. Meyer “The First Years of the Protein Data Bank“, Protein Science 6:1591-1597 (1997)
  • Sussman, JL, Lin, D, Jiang, J, Manning, NO, Prilusky, J, Ritter, O & Abola, EE. Protein data bank (PDB): a database of 3D structural information of biological macromolecules. Acta Cryst 1998; D54:1078-1084. PMID 10089483.

Online

Other external links

Links to enzyme database data

  • [1] The best mapping is provided by Kim Henrick's group at EBI as part of the MSD SIFTS initiative.
  • [2] PDB provide a mapping on their beta site, but it is at the whole PDB level not chain level.
  • [3] Search at BRENDA enzyme database portal.
  • [4] PDBSProtEC:

Molecular graphic visualisation tools

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for 3-D structural data of proteins and nucleic acids. These data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, are submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, are released into the public domain, and can be accessed for free.

History

Founded in 1971 by Drs. Edgar Meyer and Walter Hamilton Brookhaven National Laboratory, management of the Protein Data Bank was transferred in 1998 to members of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB).

The Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) consists of organizations that act as deposition, data processing and distribution centers for PDB data. The founding members are RCSB PDB (USA), MSD-EBI (Europe) and PDBj (Japan). The BMRB (USA) group joined the wwPDB in 2006. The mission of the wwPDB is to maintain a single Protein Data Bank Archive of macromolecular structural data that is freely and publicly available to the global community.

The PDB is a key resource in structural biology and is critical to more recent work in structural genomics.

Countless derived databases and projects have been developed to integrate and classify the PDB in terms of protein structure, protein function and protein evolution.

Growth

When the PDB was originally founded it contained just 7 protein structures. Since then it has undergone an approximate exponential growth in the number of structures, which does not show any sign of falling off.

The growth rate of the PDB has been the subject of fairly extensive analysis.

Contents

As of 26 September, 2006, the database contained 39,051 released atomic coordinate entries (or "structures"), 35,767 of that proteins, the rest being nucleic acids, nucleic acid-protein complexes, and a few other molecules. About 5,000 new structures are released each year. Data are stored in the mmCIF format specifically developed for the purpose.

Note that the database stores information about the exact location of all atoms in a large biomolecule (although, usually without the hydrogen atoms, as their positions are more of a statistical estimate); if one is only interested in sequence data, i.e. the list of amino acids making up a particular protein or the list of nucleotides making up a particular nucleic acid, the much larger databases from Swiss-Prot and the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration should be used.

Statistics

As of 11 September, 2007, the "PDB Holdings List" at RCSB reported the following statistics:

Proteins Nucleic Acids Protein/NA complexes Other Total
X-ray diffraction 36223 983 1684 24 38914
NMR 5665 781 134 7 6587
Electron microscopy 105 10 38 0 153
Other 80 4 4 2 90
Total 42073 1778 1860 33 45744

Note that theoretical models are no longer accepted in the PDB.

22461 structures in the PDB have a structure factor file. 3138 structures in the PDB have an NMR restraint file.

The current breakdown of holdings is updated weekly.

File format

Through the years the PDB file format has undergone many, many changes and revisions. Its original format was dictated by the width of computer punch cards.

This legacy format has caused many problems with the format, and consequently there are 'clean-up' projects;

The MMDB uses ASN.1 (and an XML conversion of this format). The wwPDB members RCSB PDB, MSD-EBI, and PDBj are working together to make the data uniform across the archive. Some believe this to be desirable; others argue that, without a universal repository of information (i.e., a common dictionary), it is not possible to draw comparisons.

Each structure published in PDB receives a four-character alphanumeric identifier, its PDB ID. This should not be used as an identifier for biomolecules, since often several structures for the same molecule (in different environments or conformations) are contained in PDB with different PDB IDs.

If a biologist submits structure data for a protein or nucleic acid, wwPDB staff reviews and annotates the entry. The data are then automatically checked for plausibility. The source code for this validation software has been released for free. The main data base accepts only experimentally derived structures, and not theoretically predicted ones (see protein structure prediction).

Various funding agencies and scientific journals now require scientists to submit their structure data to PDB.

Viewing the data

The structural data can be used to visualize the biomolecules with appropriate software, such as VMD, RasMol, PyMOL, Jmol, MDL Chime, QuteMol, web browser VRML plugin or any web-based software designed to visualize and analyse the protein structures such as STING. A recent desktop software addition is Sirius. The RCSB PDB website also contains resources for education, structural genomics, and related software.

References

Printed

  • H.M. Berman, K. Henrick, H. Nakamura (2003): Announcing the worldwide Protein Data Bank. Nature Structural Biology 10 (12), p. 980 PMID 14634627.
  • H.M. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z. Feng, G. Gilliland, T.N. Bhat, H. Weissig, I.N. Shindyalov, P.E. Bourne: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 28 pp. 235-242 (2000). PMID 10592235
  • Bernstein FC, Koetzle TF, Williams GJ, Meyer Jr EF, Brice MD, Rodgers JR, Kennard O, Shimanouchi T, Tasumi M. The Protein Data Bank: a computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. J Mol Biol 1977;112:535-542. PMID 875032.
  • E.F. Meyer “The First Years of the Protein Data Bank“, Protein Science 6:1591-1597 (1997)
  • Sussman, JL, Lin, D, Jiang, J, Manning, NO, Prilusky, J, Ritter, O & Abola, EE. Protein data bank (PDB): a database of 3D structural information of biological macromolecules. Acta Cryst 1998; D54:1078-1084. PMID 10089483.

Online

Other external links

Links to enzyme database data

  • [5] The best mapping is provided by Kim Henrick's group at EBI as part of the MSD SIFTS initiative.
  • [6] PDB provide a mapping on their beta site, but it is at the whole PDB level not chain level.
  • [7] Search at BRENDA enzyme database portal.
  • [8] PDBSProtEC:

Molecular graphic visualisation tools

Identifiers
Symbol(s) PAX8;
External IDs OMIM: 167415 MGI: 97492 Homologene: 2589
RNA expression pattern

Image:PBB GE PAX8 121 at tn.png

Image:PBB GE PAX8 207921 x at tn.png

Image:PBB GE PAX8 207923 x at tn.png

More reference expression data

Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 7849 18510
Ensembl ENSG00000125618 ENSMUSG00000026976
Uniprot Q06710 Q6GU20
Refseq NM_003466 (mRNA)
NP_003457 (protein) 		NM_011040 (mRNA)
NP_035170 (protein)
Location Chr 2: 113.69 - 113.72 Mb Chr 2: 24.24 - 24.3 Mb
Pubmed search [9] [10]

Paired box gene 8, also known as PAX8, is a human gene.[1]


This gene is a member of the paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors. Members of this gene family typically encode proteins which contain a paired box domain, an octapeptide, and a paired-type homeodomain. This nuclear protein is involved in thyroid follicular cell development and expression of thyroid-specific genes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with thyroid dysgenesis, thyroid follicular carcinomas and atypical follicular thyroid adenomas. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.[1]


See also

References

Further reading

  • Poleev A, Fickenscher H, Mundlos S, et al. (1993). "PAX8, a human paired box gene: isolation and expression in developing thyroid, kidney and Wilms' tumors.". Development 116 (3): 611-23. PMID 1337742.
  • Poleev A, Wendler F, Fickenscher H, et al. (1995). "Distinct functional properties of three human paired-box-protein, PAX8, isoforms generated by alternative splicing in thyroid, kidney and Wilms' tumors.". Eur. J. Biochem. 228 (3): 899-911. PMID 7737192.
  • Stapleton P, Weith A, Urbánek P, et al. (1995). "Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9.". Nat. Genet. 3 (4): 292-8. doi:10.1038/ng0493-292. PMID 7981748.
  • Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1-2): 171-4. PMID 8125298.
  • Kozmik Z, Kurzbauer R, Dörfler P, Busslinger M (1993). "Alternative splicing of Pax-8 gene transcripts is developmentally regulated and generates isoforms with different transactivation properties.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (10): 6024-35. PMID 8413205.
  • Pilz AJ, Povey S, Gruss P, Abbott CM (1993). "Mapping of the human homologs of the murine paired-box-containing genes.". Mamm. Genome 4 (2): 78-82. PMID 8431641.
  • Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery.". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791-806. PMID 8889548.
  • Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library.". Gene 200 (1-2): 149-56. PMID 9373149.
  • Fraizer GC, Shimamura R, Zhang X, Saunders GF (1998). "PAX 8 regulates human WT1 transcription through a novel DNA binding site.". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (49): 30678-87. PMID 9388203.
  • Macchia PE, Lapi P, Krude H, et al. (1998). "PAX8 mutations associated with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis.". Nat. Genet. 19 (1): 83-6. doi:10.1038/ng0598-83. PMID 9590296.
  • Mansouri A, Chowdhury K, Gruss P (1998). "Follicular cells of the thyroid gland require Pax8 gene function.". Nat. Genet. 19 (1): 87-90. doi:10.1038/ng0598-87. PMID 9590297.
  • Tell G, Pellizzari L, Esposito G, et al. (1999). "Structural defects of a Pax8 mutant that give rise to congenital hypothyroidism.". Biochem. J. 341 ( Pt 1): 89-93. PMID 10377248.
  • De Leo R, Miccadei S, Zammarchi E, Civitareale D (2000). "Role for p300 in Pax 8 induction of thyroperoxidase gene expression.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (44): 34100-5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003043200. PMID 10924503.
  • Roberts EC, Deed RW, Inoue T, et al. (2001). "Id helix-loop-helix proteins antagonize pax transcription factor activity by inhibiting DNA binding.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (2): 524-33. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.2.524-533.2001. PMID 11134340.
  • Vilain C, Rydlewski C, Duprez L, et al. (2001). "Autosomal dominant transmission of congenital thyroid hypoplasia due to loss-of-function mutation of PAX8.". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (1): 234-8. PMID 11232006.
  • Congdon T, Nguyen LQ, Nogueira CR, et al. (2001). "A novel mutation (Q40P) in PAX8 associated with congenital hypothyroidism and thyroid hypoplasia: evidence for phenotypic variability in mother and child.". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (8): 3962-7. PMID 11502839.
  • Miccadei S, De Leo R, Zammarchi E, et al. (2002). "The synergistic activity of thyroid transcription factor 1 and Pax 8 relies on the promoter/enhancer interplay.". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (4): 837-46. PMID 11923479.
  • Marques AR, Espadinha C, Catarino AL, et al. (2002). "Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas.". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 (8): 3947-52. PMID 12161538.
  • Di Palma T, Nitsch R, Mascia A, et al. (2003). "The paired domain-containing factor Pax8 and the homeodomain-containing factor TTF-1 directly interact and synergistically activate transcription.". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (5): 3395-402. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205977200. PMID 12441357.
  • Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899-903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

 This protein-related article is a stub. You can help WikiDoc by expanding it.
v • d • e
Transcription factors and intracellular receptors
(1) Basic domains
(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) • AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) • BACH (1, 2) • C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) • CREB (1, 3) • GABPA • MAF (B, F, G, K) • NRL • NRF1 • XBP1
(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) ATOH1 • AhR • AHRR • ARNT • ASCL1 • BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) • CLOCK • HIF (1A, 3A) • Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) • NEUROD1 • Twist • USF1
(1.3) bHLH-ZIP Myc • MITF • SREBP (1, 2)
(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2
(2) Zinc finger
DNA-binding domains
(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4) subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) • subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) • subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Estrogen (α, β), Estrogen related (α, β, γ), Androgen, Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone)) • subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) • subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) • subfamily 6 (GCNF) • subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)
(2.2) Other Cys4 GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH: 1, 2) • GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, YY1) • KLF (2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13) • Sp1 • zinc finger (3, 35, 43, 146, 148, 165, 217, 268, 281, 350) • Zbtb7 (7A) • ZBT (16, 17, 33)
(2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1
(3) Helix-turn-helix
domains
(3.1) Homeo domain ARX • Homeobox (A1, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C6, C8, C9, C13, D1, D3, D4, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) • NANOG • NKX (2-1, 2-5, 3-1) • POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: 1, 2, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7)
(3.2) Paired box PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
(3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) • FOX proteins (C1, C2, E1, G1, H1, L2, M1, N3, O3, O4, P1, P2, P3)
(3.4) Heat Shock Factors HSF1
(3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF (4, 5) • Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) • MYB
(3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1, 2
(4) β-Scaffold factors with
minor groove contacts
(4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) • NFAT (5, C1, C2, C3, C4)
(4.2) STAT STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(4.3) p53 p53
(4.4) MADS box Mef2 (A, B, C, D) • SRF
(4.7) High mobility group HNF (1A, 1B) • LEF1 • SOX (3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18) • SRY • SSRP1
(4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA
(0) Other
transcription factors
(0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA (1, 2)
(0.3) Pocket domain Rb • RBL1 • RBL2
(0.6) Miscellaneous ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) • CAP • Rho/Sigma • R-SMAD

Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .

Retrieved from "http://en.wikidoc.org/index.php/PAX8"
Personal tools
related articles