Pentobarbital
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| Image:Pentobarbital-2D-skeletal.png | |
| Pentobarbital
| |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)- 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | N05 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C11H18N2O3 |
| Mol. mass | 226.1317 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 70-90% oral; 90% rectal |
| Protein binding | 20-45% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half life | 15-48 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
D (USA) |
| Legal status |
USA: Schedule II (oral and parenteral); Schedule III (rectal) |
| Routes | Oral, Intravenous, Intramuscular, Rectal; also Intraperitoneal & Intracardiac (for animal euthanasia) |
Pentobarbital is a short acting barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol.[1] One trade name for this drug is Nembutal®, coined by Dr. John S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the structural formula of the sodium salt—Na (sodium) + ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for barbiturates).[1]
Uses
Approved
Pentobarbital's FDA approved human uses include treatment of seizures and preoperative (and other) sedation; it is also approved as a short-term hypnotic.[1]
In France, it is used in the treatment of insomnia, and as a preanesthetic.[1]
Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label
Off-label uses of pentobarbital include reduction of intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome, traumatic brain injury[1] and induction of coma in cerebral ischemia patients.[1]
Veterinary medicine
In veterinary medicine sodium pentobarbital—traded under names such as Sagatal—is used as an anaesthetic.[1] Pentobarbital is an ingredient in Equithesin.
Veterinary Euthanasia
It is used by itself, or more often in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin, in commercial animal euthanasia[1] injectable solutions. Trade names include Euthasol, Euthatal, Beuthanasia-D and Fatal Plus.
Human Euthanasia
Pentobarbital has also been used for physician-assisted suicide. Pentobarbital was used for this purpose in the Northern Territory of Australia, prior to euthanasia becoming illegal. It is also commonly used in Oregon for physician assisted suicide. [1]
Folklore
A pentobarbital suppository was cited in an October 2006 news article in WorldNetDaily.com as the cause of death of Marilyn Monroe.
The Beatles were accused[citation needed] of writing their 1966 hit Yellow Submarine while under the psychoactive effects of Nembutal, though band members denied the allegations.
The Clash makes a reference to it in the song The Right Profile from the album London Calling in which the lyrics read "Nembutal numbs it all, But I prefer… alcohol!".
Metabolism
Pentobarbital undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and possibly the intestines.[1]
Drug Interactions
Administration of alcohol, opioids, antihistamines, other sedative-hypnotics, and other central nervous system depressants will additively increase the sedation caused by pentobarbital.[1]
Tricyclic antidepressants decrease serum levels of pentobarbital.
References and End Notes
External links
Barbiturates (N01AF, N03AA, N05CA) |
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Allobarbital • Alphenal • Amobarbital • Aprobarbital • Barbexaclone • Barbital • Brallobarbital • Butabarbital • Butalbital • Butobarbital • Butallylonal • Crotylbarbital • Cyclobarbital • Cyclopal • Ethallobarbital • Febarbamate • Heptabarbital • Hexethal • Hexobarbital • Mephobarbital • Metharbital • Methohexital • Methylphenobarbital • Narcobarbital • Nealbarbital • Pentobarbital • Phenobarbital • Probarbital • Propallylonal • Proxibarbal • Proxibarbital • Reposal • Secbutabarbital • Secobarbital • Sigmodal • Talbutal • Thialbarbital • Thiamylal • Thiobarbital • Thiobutabarbital • Thiopental • Valofane • Vinbarbital • Vinylbital |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
