Plasma cell

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Overview

Plasma cells (also called plasma B cells or plasmocytes) are cells of the immune system that secrete large amounts of antibodies. They differentiate from B cells upon stimulation by CD4+ lymphocytes. The B cell acts as an antigen presenting cell (APC), consuming an offending pathogen. That pathogen gets taken up by the B cell by receptor mediated endocytosis, and broken down within these endosomes after fusion with lysosomes releasing proteolytic enzymes onto the pathogen. Once the enzymes break down the pathogen, pieces of the pathogen (which are now known as antigenic peptides) are loaded onto MHC II molecules, and presented on its extracellular surface. Once on the extracellular surface, the CD4+ T-helper lymphocyte will bind to the MHC II/Antigen molecule and cause activation of the B cell, which includes differentiation into a plasma cell, and subsequent generation of antibody against the consumed pathogen.

Physiopathology

After dividing for around five days, mature B cells differentiate into either plasma B cells or memory B cells. Plasma B cells originate in the bone marrow, then travel to the spleen or lymph nodes to secrete antibodies (approximately 10,000 per second). During the initial stages of an immune response the lifespan of plasma cells is very short, typically only a few days to weeks. However, following the process of affinity maturation, plasma cells can survive for months to years and continue to secrete high levels of antibodies. Memory B cells tend to be longer-lived and can therefore respond quickly upon second exposure to an antigen.

The class of antibody that a plasma cell produces depends on signals, called cytokines, from other immune system cells, such as macrophages and T helper cells. This process is called isotype-switching. For example, plasma cells will likely secrete IgG3 antibodies if they matured in the presence of the cytokine interferon-gamma. Since B cell maturation also involves somatic hypermutation, these antibodies have a very high affinity for their antigen.

Microscopic anatomy

Plasma cells are large lymphocytes with a considerable nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and a characteristic appearance on light microscopy. They have basophilic cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus with heterochromatin in a characteristic cartwheel arrangement. Their cytoplasm also contains a pale zone that on electron microscopy contains an extensive Golgi apparatus and centrioles. Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum combined with a well-developed Golgi apparatus makes plasma cells well-suited for secreting immunoglobulins.

Role in disease

Cancer of plasma cells is termed multiple myeloma. This condition is frequently identified because malignant plasma cells continue producing an antibody, which can be detected as a paraprotein.

Common variable immunodeficiency is thought to be due to a problem in the differentiation from lymphocytes to plasma cells. The result is a low serum antibody level and risk of infections.

External links

• Histology at BU 21001loa
• plasma+cell at eMedicine Dictionary
• c_18/12224615 at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
• Histology at wadsworth.org

v • d • e Blood
General	Plasma – Hematopoietic stem cells
Lymphoid – WBC	T cells: Cytotoxic CD8+, Helper CD4+/Regulatory, γδ, Natural Killer T cell B cells: Plasma, Memory Natural killer cells (Lymphokine-activated killer cell) Null cell
Myeloid – WBC	Monocytes/Macrophages (Histiocytes, Kupffer cells, Langhans giant cells, Microglia, Osteoclasts, Epithelioid cells) Granulocytes (Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil) – Mast cell precursors Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells, Follicular dendritic cells) Megakaryoblast – Megakaryocyte – Platelets
Myeloid – RBC	Reticulocyte – Normoblast

v • d • e Immune system / Immunology
Systems	Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system • Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system • Complement system (Anaphylatoxins) • Intrinsic immune system
Antibodies and antigens	Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody) • Allotype • Isotype • Idiotype • Antigen (Superantigen)
Immune cells	White blood cells (T cell, B cell, NK cell, Mast cell, Basophil, Eosinophil) • Phagocyte (Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cell) • Antigen-presenting cell • Reticuloendothelial system
Immunity vs. tolerance	Immunity • Autoimmunity • Allergy • Tolerance (Central) • Immunodeficiency
Immunogenetics	Somatic hypermutation • V(D)J recombination • Immunoglobulin class switching • MHC / HLA
Substances	Cytokines • Opsonin • Cytolysin
Other	Inflammation • Epitope (Hapten) • Cross-reactivity

v • d • e Pathology: hematology, myeloid hematologic disease (primarily D50-D77, 280-289)
RBCs/ hemoglobinopathy	+ Polycythemia - Macrocytosis - Anemia Nutritional Iron deficiency anemia (Plummer-Vinson syndrome), Megaloblastic anemia (Pernicious anemia) Hemolytic Hereditary enzyme: G6PD Deficiency - Pyruvate kinase deficiency - Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency hemoglobin: Thalassemia - Sickle-cell disease/trait membrane: Hereditary spherocytosis - Hereditary elliptocytosis - Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired Autoimmune (Warm, Cold), HUS, MAHA, PNH, PCH, Myelophthisic Aplastic Acquired PRCA, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia, Sideroblastic anemia Blood tests Normocytic - Microcytic - Macrocytic - Normochromic - Hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia
Coagulation/platelets/ coagulopathy/ bleeding diathesis	+ Hypercoagulability primary: Antithrombin III deficiency - Protein C deficiency/Activated protein C resistance/Protein S deficiency/Factor V Leiden - Hyperprothrombinemia acquired: DIC (Congenital afibrinogenemia, Purpura fulminans) - autoimmune (Antiphospholipid) Other Essential thrombocytosis - clotting factor: Hemophilia (A/VIII, B/IX, C/XI) • Von Willebrand disease • Hypoprothrombinemia/II - XIII platelet function: Bernard-Soulier syndrome - Glanzmann's thrombasthenia - Gray platelet syndrome - May Hegglin anomaly - Pelger-Huet anomaly Purpura: Henoch-Schönlein, ITP (Evans syndrome), TTP Thrombocytopenia (Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia)
Monocytes/ macrophages	+ Histiocytosis WHO-I (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) WHO-II/non-Langerhans-cell (Juvenile xanthogranuloma, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) WHO-III/malignant (Acute monocytic leukemia, Malignant histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease) Other Chronic granulomatous disease -cytosis: Monocytosis - -penia: Monocytopenia
Granulocytes	+ -cytosis: granulocytosis (Neutrophilia, Eosinophilia, Basophilia) - -penia: Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis (Neutropenia, Kostmann syndrome)
See also hematological malignancy and immune disorders

v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Plasma cell
Articles on Plasma cell	Most recent articles on Plasma cell • Most cited articles on Plasma cell • Review articles on Plasma cell • Articles on Plasma cell in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Plasma cell	Powerpoint slides on Plasma cell • Images of Plasma cell • Photos of Plasma cell • Podcasts & MP3s on Plasma cell • Videos on Plasma cell
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Plasma cell	Cochrane Collaboration on Plasma cell • Bandolier on Plasma cell • TRIP on Plasma cell
Cost Effectiveness of Plasma cell	Cost Effectiveness of Plasma cell
Clinical Trials Involving Plasma cell	Ongoing Trials on Plasma cell at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Plasma cell • Clinical Trials on Plasma cell at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Plasma cell	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Plasma cell • NICE Guidance on Plasma cell • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Plasma cell • CDC on Plasma cell
Textbook Information on Plasma cell	Books and Textbook Information on Plasma cell
Pharmacology Resources on Plasma cell	Dosing of Plasma cell • Drug interactions with Plasma cell • Side effects of Plasma cell • Allergic reactions to Plasma cell • Overdose information on Plasma cell • Carcinogenicity information on Plasma cell • Plasma cell in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Plasma cell •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Plasma cell	Genetics of Plasma cell • Pharmacogenomics of Plasma cell • Proteomics of Plasma cell
Newstories on Plasma cell	Plasma cell in the news • Be alerted to news on Plasma cell • News trends on Plasma cell
Commentary on Plasma cell	Blogs on Plasma cell
Patient Resources on Plasma cell	Patient resources on Plasma cell • Discussion groups on Plasma cell • Patient Handouts on Plasma cell • Directions to Hospitals Treating Plasma cell • Risk calculators and risk factors for Plasma cell
Healthcare Provider Resources on Plasma cell	Symptoms of Plasma cell • Causes & Risk Factors for Plasma cell • Diagnostic studies for Plasma cell • Treatment of Plasma cell
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Plasma cell	CME Programs on Plasma cell
International Resources on Plasma cell	Plasma cell en Espanol • Plasma cell en Francais
Business Resources on Plasma cell	Plasma cell in the Marketplace • Patents on Plasma cell
Informatics Resources on Plasma cell	List of terms related to Plasma cell

de:Plasmazelle

fr:Plasmocyte it:Plasmacellule lt:Plazminės ląstelės nl:Plasmacel ja:形質細胞sr:Плазмоцит sv:Plasmacell

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .