Posterior pituitary
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| Posterior pituitary | |
|---|---|
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| Pituitary gland. Posterior pituitary is in blue. Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk are not labeled, but pars nervosa is at bottom and infundibular stalk is at top.) | |
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| Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. (Posterior lobe labeled at bottom right.) | |
| Gray's | subject #275 1275 |
| Artery | inferior hypophyseal artery |
| Vein | hypophyseal vein |
| Precursor | Neural tube (downward-growth of the diencephalon)[1] |
| MeSH | Pituitary+Gland,+Posterior |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | n_07/12569241 |
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The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system.
Anatomy
The Posterior Pituitary Gland consists mainly of neuronal projections (axons) extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus that secrete peptide hormones into the capillaries of the hypophyseal circulation.
The neurohypophysis also contains a specialised type of astrocytic glial cell - "pituicytes".
Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland.
Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the three regions below:
| Region | Description |
| pars nervosa, or neural lobe, or posterior lobe[1] | This region consistutes the majority of the posterior pituitary, and is sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with it. Notable features include Herring bodies and pituicytes. [1] |
| infundibular stalk | Also known as the "infundibulum" or "pituitary stalk". The term "hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract" is a near-synonym, describing the connection rather than the structure. |
| median eminence | This is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary.[1] Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary.[1] |
A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view.
Major hormones secreted
Hormones known classically as posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus. They are then stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream.
| Hormone | Other names | Symbol(s) | Target | Effect | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxytocin | - | - | Uterus, mammary glands | Uterine contractions; lactation | paraventricular nuclei |
| Vasopressin | Arginine vasopressin, argipressin, antidiuretic hormone | AVP, ADH | Kidneys or Arterioles | Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles | supraoptic |
Role in disease
Insufficient secretion of vasopressin is central diabetes insipidus, in which the body loses the capacity to concentrate urine. Affected individuals excrete as much as 20 L of dilute urine per day.
Oversecretion of vasopressin causes the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.
References
Additional images
 The posterior pituitary comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. |
 |
 Hypothalamic nuclei |
Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues (H01) | |
|---|---|
| Anterior pituitary | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Corticotropin, Tetracosactide) - Thyrotropin - Somatropin/agonists (Somatrem, Mecasermin, Sermorelin) - other (Pegvisomant) |
| Posterior pituitary | Vasopressin (Desmopressin, Lypressin, Terlipressin, Ornipressin, Argipressin) - Oxytocin (Demoxytocin, Carbetocin) |
| Hypothalamic | gonadotropin-releasing hormones (Gonadorelin, Nafarelin, Histrelin) - antigrowth hormone (Somatostatin, Octreotide, Lanreotide) - anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormones (Ganirelix, Cetrorelix) |
de:Hypophysenhinterlappenfr:Neurohypophyse fi:Neurohypofyysi
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
