Pulmonary gas pressures

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Following is a list of average partial pressures (in torr) for a human at rest:

Location	pO2 (Torr)	pCO2 (Torr)
Outside air - dry air at sea level	160	0.3
Alveolar air	105	40
Arteriole blood	100	40
Venous blood	40	50
Cells	<< 40	50

Factors affecting alveolar gas pressures

The alveolar oxygen pressure is lower than the atmospheric O₂ partial pressure for two reasons.

• Firstly, as the air enters the lungs, it is humidified by the upper airway and thus the partial pressure of water vapour (47 mmHg) reduces the oxygen partial pressure to about 150 mmHg.
• The rest of the difference is due to the continual uptake of oxygen by the pulmonary capillaries, and the continual diffusion of CO₂ out of the capillaries into the alveoli.

The factors that determine the values for alveolar PO₂ and PCO₂ are:

• The pressure of outside air
• The partial pressures of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide
• The rates of total body oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
• The rates of alveolar ventilation and perfusion

The alveolar pO₂ is not routinely measured but is calculated from blood gas measurements by the Alveolar gas equation.

Pathology

Hypoventilation exists when the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation increases above normal values.

Hyperventilation exists when the same ratio decreases.

See also

• Pulmonary alveolus
• A-a gradient

v • d • e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology
Volumes	lung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - closing capacity - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter - thoracic independent volume - bronchial challenge test
Airways	ventilation (V) (positive pressure) - breath (inhalation, exhalation) -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance
Blood	pulmonary circulation - perfusion (Q) - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt
Interactions	ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) - carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco
Control of respiration	pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) - medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) - chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) - pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Insufficiency	high altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia

v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Pulmonary gas pressures
Articles on Pulmonary gas pressures	Most recent articles on Pulmonary gas pressures • Most cited articles on Pulmonary gas pressures • Review articles on Pulmonary gas pressures • Articles on Pulmonary gas pressures in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Pulmonary gas pressures	Powerpoint slides on Pulmonary gas pressures • Images of Pulmonary gas pressures • Photos of Pulmonary gas pressures • Podcasts & MP3s on Pulmonary gas pressures • Videos on Pulmonary gas pressures
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Pulmonary gas pressures	Cochrane Collaboration on Pulmonary gas pressures • Bandolier on Pulmonary gas pressures • TRIP on Pulmonary gas pressures
Cost Effectiveness of Pulmonary gas pressures	Cost Effectiveness of Pulmonary gas pressures
Clinical Trials Involving Pulmonary gas pressures	Ongoing Trials on Pulmonary gas pressures at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Pulmonary gas pressures • Clinical Trials on Pulmonary gas pressures at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Pulmonary gas pressures	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Pulmonary gas pressures • NICE Guidance on Pulmonary gas pressures • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Pulmonary gas pressures • CDC on Pulmonary gas pressures
Textbook Information on Pulmonary gas pressures	Books and Textbook Information on Pulmonary gas pressures
Pharmacology Resources on Pulmonary gas pressures	Dosing of Pulmonary gas pressures • Drug interactions with Pulmonary gas pressures • Side effects of Pulmonary gas pressures • Allergic reactions to Pulmonary gas pressures • Overdose information on Pulmonary gas pressures • Carcinogenicity information on Pulmonary gas pressures • Pulmonary gas pressures in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Pulmonary gas pressures •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Pulmonary gas pressures	Genetics of Pulmonary gas pressures • Pharmacogenomics of Pulmonary gas pressures • Proteomics of Pulmonary gas pressures
Newstories on Pulmonary gas pressures	Pulmonary gas pressures in the news • Be alerted to news on Pulmonary gas pressures • News trends on Pulmonary gas pressures
Commentary on Pulmonary gas pressures	Blogs on Pulmonary gas pressures
Patient Resources on Pulmonary gas pressures	Patient resources on Pulmonary gas pressures • Discussion groups on Pulmonary gas pressures • Patient Handouts on Pulmonary gas pressures • Directions to Hospitals Treating Pulmonary gas pressures • Risk calculators and risk factors for Pulmonary gas pressures
Healthcare Provider Resources on Pulmonary gas pressures	Symptoms of Pulmonary gas pressures • Causes & Risk Factors for Pulmonary gas pressures • Diagnostic studies for Pulmonary gas pressures • Treatment of Pulmonary gas pressures
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Pulmonary gas pressures	CME Programs on Pulmonary gas pressures
International Resources on Pulmonary gas pressures	Pulmonary gas pressures en Espanol • Pulmonary gas pressures en Francais
Business Resources on Pulmonary gas pressures	Pulmonary gas pressures in the Marketplace • Patents on Pulmonary gas pressures
Informatics Resources on Pulmonary gas pressures	List of terms related to Pulmonary gas pressures

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .