Santiago Ramón y Cajal

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	[[Image:Image:Santiago Ramón y Cajal.png\|300px\| ]];
Data 1:
Data 2:	May 1 1852; Aragon, Spain
Data 3 (data hidden if data3 empty or not defined):	October 17 1934 (aged 82); Madrid, Spain;

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Santiago Ramón y Cajal (May 1 1852 – October 17 1934) was a Spanish histologist, physician, and Nobel laureate. He is considered to be one of the founders of neuroscience.

Biography

The son of Justo Ramón and Antonia Cajal, Ramón y Cajal was born of Aragonese parents in Petilla de Aragón in Navarra, Spain. As a child he was transferred between many different schools because of his poor behaviour and anti-authoritarian attitude. An extreme example of his precociousness and rebelliousness is his imprisonment at the age of eleven for destroying the town gate with a homemade cannon. He was an avid painter, artist, and gymnast. He worked for a time as a shoemaker and barber, and was well known for his pugnacious attitude.

Ramón y Cajal attended the medical school of Zaragoza, from which he graduated in 1873. After a competitive examination, he served as a medical officer in the Spanish Army. He took part in an expedition to Cuba in 1874-75, where he contracted malaria and tuberculosis. After returning to Spain he married Silveria Fañanás García in 1879, with whom he had four daughters and three sons. He was appointed as a university professor at Valencia in 1881, and in 1883 he received his medical degree in Madrid. He later held professorships in both Barcelona and Madrid. He was Director of the Zaragoza Museum (1879), Director of the National Institute of Hygiene (1899), and founder of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas (1922) (later renamed to the Instituto Cajal, or Cajal Institute). He died in Madrid in 1934.

Works and theories

Image:Cajal-mi.jpg

Ramón y Cajal's most famous studies were on the fine structure of the central nervous system. Cajal used a histological staining technique developed by his contemporary Camillo Golgi. Golgi found that by treating brain tissue with a silver chromate solution, a relatively small number of neurons in the brain were darkly stained. This allowed Golgi to resolve in detail the structure of individual neurons and led him to conclude that nervous tissue was a continuous reticulum (or web) of interconnected cells much like those in the circulatory system.

Using Golgi's method, Ramón y Cajal reached a very different conclusion. He postulated that the nervous system is made up of billions of separate neurons and that these cells are "dynamically polarized", i.e., they receive information at their cell bodies and dendrites, and transmit it unidirectionally towards other sites via their axons. Rather than forming a continuous web, Cajal suggested that neurons communicate with each other via specialized junctions called synapses, a term that was coined by Sherrington in 1897. This hypothesis became the basis of the neuron doctrine, which states that the individual unit of the nervous system is a single neuron. Electron microscopy later showed that a plasma membrane completely enclosed each neuron, supporting Cajal's theory, and weakening Golgi's reticular theory.

However, with the discovery of electrical synapses (gap junctions: direct junctions between nerve cells), some have argued that Golgi was at least partially correct. For this work Ramón y Cajal and Golgi shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906.

Ramón y Cajal also proposed that the way axons grow is via a growth cone at their ends. He understood that neural cells could sense chemical signals that indicated a direction for growth, a process called chemotaxis.

Distinctions and books

Among his many distinctions and societal memberships, Ramón y Cajal was also made an honorary Doctor of Medicine of the Universities of Cambridge and Würzburg and honorary Doctor of Philosophy of the Clark University.

He published over 100 scientific works and articles in French, Spanish, and German. Among his most notable were Rules and advices on scientific investigation, Histology, Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system, Manual of normal histology and micrographic technique, Elements of histology, Manual of general pathological anatomy, New ideas on the fine anatomy of the nerve centres, Textbook on the nervous system of man and the vertebrates, and The retina of vertebrates.

In 1905, he published five science-fictional "Vacation Stories" under the pen name "Dr. Bacteria."

The asteroid 117413 Ramonycajal is named in his honour.

Gallery of drawings by Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Drawing of the neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus. Histologie du Systeme Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertebretes, Vols. 1 and 2. A. Maloine. Paris. 1911.	Drawing of the cells of the chick cerebellum, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905.	SparrowTectum.jpg Drawing of a section through the optic tectum of a sparrow, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905.	From "Structure of the Mammalian Retina" Madrid, 1900.
Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899. Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.	Cajal-Retzius cell drawing by Cajal 1891.gif Drawing of Cajal-Retzius cells, 1891.

References

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1937). Recuerdos de mi Vida. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 8420622907.
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago [1897] (1999). Advice for a Young Investigator, translated by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Swanson, Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0262681501.
Everdell, William R. (1998). The First Moderns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226224805.

External links

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906
Life and discoveries of Cajal
Ramon y Cajal, an Aragonese Nobel Prize
Special Collection: Santiago Ramón y Cajal (University of Barcelona Library)
Brief overview of Cajal's career

Persondata
NAME	Cajal, Santiago Ramón y
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Spanish neuroscientist
DATE OF BIRTH	May 1 1852
PLACE OF BIRTH	Aragon, Spain
DATE OF DEATH	October 17 1934
PLACE OF DEATH	Madrid, Spain

an:Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .

{{{name}}}
[[Image:Image:Santiago Ramón y Cajal.png\|300px\| ]]
Data 1:
Data 2:	May 1 1852(1852-05-01) Aragon, Spain
Data 3 (data hidden if data3 empty or not defined):	October 17 1934 (aged 82) Madrid, Spain

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Biography

Works and theories

Distinctions and books

Gallery of drawings by Santiago Ramón y Cajal

See also

References

External links

Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

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