Spirochaete

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Spirochaetes
Treponema pallidum spirochetes.
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Spirochetes Class: Spirochetes Order: Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917
Families
Spirochetaceae    Borrelia    Brevinema    Cristispira    Spirochaeta    Spironema    Treponema "Serpulinaceae"    Brachyspira (Serpulina) Leptospiraceae    Leptospira    Leptonema

WikiDoc Resources for Spirochaete
Articles
Most recent articles on Spirochaete Most cited articles on Spirochaete Review articles on Spirochaete Articles on Spirochaete in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Spirochaete Images of Spirochaete Photos of Spirochaete Podcasts & MP3s on Spirochaete Videos on Spirochaete
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Spirochaete Bandolier on Spirochaete TRIP on Spirochaete
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Spirochaete at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Spirochaete Clinical Trials on Spirochaete at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Spirochaete NICE Guidance on Spirochaete NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Spirochaete CDC on Spirochaete
Books
Books on Spirochaete
News
Spirochaete in the news Be alerted to news on Spirochaete News trends on Spirochaete
Commentary
Blogs on Spirochaete
Definitions
Definitions of Spirochaete
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Spirochaete Discussion groups on Spirochaete Patient Handouts on Spirochaete Directions to Hospitals Treating Spirochaete Risk calculators and risk factors for Spirochaete
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Spirochaete Causes & Risk Factors for Spirochaete Diagnostic studies for Spirochaete Treatment of Spirochaete
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Spirochaete
International
Spirochaete en Espanol Spirochaete en Francais
Businness
Spirochaete in the Marketplace Patents on Spirochaete
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Spirochaete

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Spirochetes is a phylum of distinctive Gram-negative bacteria, which have long, helically coiled cells.^[1] Spirochetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 5 and 250 µm and diameters around 0.1-0.6 µm.^{[citation needed]}

Spriochetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the presence of flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, running lengthwise between the cell membrane and outer membrane. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about.

The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae), all placed within a single order (Spirochaetales).

• Leptospira species, which causes leptospirosis^[1]
• Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
• Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever^[1]
• Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis

Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions, including the above.

Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Spirochaetes belong in a larger clade called Gracilicutes.^[1]

Historical

Salvarsan, the first antibiotic in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes only and was primarily used to cure syphilis.

It has been suggested by biologist Lynn Margulis that eukaryotic flagella were derived from symbiotic spirochaetes, but few biologists accept this, as there is no close structural similarity between the two.

See Also

• Flagellum
• Treponema pallidum
• Lyme disease microbiology
• Borrelia
• Bacteriology
• Prokaryote

References

External links

• Indiana State University - Spirochete Pictures]

v • d • e Infectious diseases - Bacterial diseases (primarily A00-A79, 001-041,080-109)
G+	Firmicutes Clostridium Pseudomembranous colitis - Botulism - Tetanus - Gas gangrene Bacilli (class) Coccus Strep-: Alpha (pneumoniae, mutans, viridans) - Beta A pyogenes (Scarlet fever, Erysipelas, Rheumatic fever, Streptococcal pharyngitis), B agalactiae - D Entero- Staphylo- - Toxic shock syndrome Bacillus (shape) Bacillus (Anthrax) - Listeria (Listeriosis) Actinobacteria Actinomycetales Actinomycosis/Actinomycetoma (Whipple's disease) - Corynebacterium (Diphtheria, Erythrasma) - Nocardia (Nocardiosis, Maduromycosis) Mycobacterium M. tuberculosis (Tuberculosis): Ghon focus - Ghon's complex - Meningitis - Pott's disease - Rich focus - Scrofula - Bazin disease - Lupus vulgaris - Miliary M. leprae (Leprosy) Nontuberculous: Mycobacterium avium (Lady Windermere syndrome) - Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer)
G-	Spirochetal Treponema: Syphilis (Bejel) - Yaws - Pinta Borrelia: Relapsing fever - Lyme disease (Erythema chronicum migrans) other/multiple/unknown: Noma - Trench mouth - Rat-bite fever (Sodoku) - Leptospirosis Intracellular Mycoplasmatales Mycoplasma pneumonia - Ureaplasma infection Chlamydiae Chlamydophila (Psittacosis) - Chlamydia (Chlamydia, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Trachoma) Proteobacteria (primarily rods, except Neisseria =cocci) α/ (Intra-) Rickettsiales/ Rickettsioses/ Anaplasmataceae Typhus (Murine typhus, Epidemic typhus) spotted fever (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Boutonneuse fever, Rickettsialpox) Ehrlichiosis (Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Human monocytic ehrlichiosis) OTHER: Coxiella (Q fever) - Bartonella (Trench fever) - Orientia (Scrub typhus) Rhizobiales Brucellosis - Cat scratch fever - Bartonellosis (Bacillary angiomatosis) β Neisseriaceae: Meningococcus (Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) - Gonorrhea Burkholderiales: Glanders - Melioidosis - Pertussis γ Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella (Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis) - Yersinia pestis (Plague/Bubonic plague) - Klebsiella (Rhinoscleroma, Donovanosis) - Shigella (Shigellosis) - Escherichia coli/O157:H7 - Proteus Pasteurellaceae: Pasteurella (Pasteurellosis) - Haemophilus (Brazilian purpuric fever, Chancroid) - Actinobacillus (Actinobacillosis) other: Francisella (Tularemia) - Vibrio (Cholera) - Legionella (Legionellosis) - Pseudomonas - Serratia ε Campylobacteriosis - Helicobacter Bacteroidetes Bacteroides Other Gardnerella

bg:Спирохети ca:Espiroqueta cs:Spirochéty da:Spirokæt de:Spirochätenfr:Spirochaetes lt:Spirochetos nl:Spirocheten ja:スピロヘータ no:Spiroketeruk:Спірохети

v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Spirochaete (Click show to right to view)
Articles on Spirochaete	Most recent articles on Spirochaete • Most cited articles on Spirochaete • Review articles on Spirochaete • Articles on Spirochaete in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Spirochaete	Powerpoint slides on Spirochaete • Images of Spirochaete • Photos of Spirochaete • Podcasts & MP3s on Spirochaete • Videos on Spirochaete
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Spirochaete	Cochrane Collaboration on Spirochaete • Bandolier on Spirochaete • TRIP on Spirochaete
Cost Effectiveness of Spirochaete	Cost Effectiveness of Spirochaete
Clinical Trials Involving Spirochaete	Ongoing Trials on Spirochaete at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Spirochaete • Clinical Trials on Spirochaete at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Spirochaete	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Spirochaete • NICE Guidance on Spirochaete • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Spirochaete • CDC on Spirochaete
Textbook Information on Spirochaete	Books and Textbook Information on Spirochaete
Pharmacology Resources on Spirochaete	Dosing of Spirochaete • Drug interactions with Spirochaete • Side effects of Spirochaete • Allergic reactions to Spirochaete • Overdose information on Spirochaete • Carcinogenicity information on Spirochaete • Spirochaete in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Spirochaete •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Spirochaete	Genetics of Spirochaete • Pharmacogenomics of Spirochaete • Proteomics of Spirochaete
Newstories on Spirochaete	Spirochaete in the news • Be alerted to news on Spirochaete • News trends on Spirochaete
Commentary on Spirochaete	Blogs on Spirochaete
Patient Resources on Spirochaete	Patient resources on Spirochaete • Discussion groups on Spirochaete • Patient Handouts on Spirochaete • Directions to Hospitals Treating Spirochaete • Risk calculators and risk factors for Spirochaete
Healthcare Provider Resources on Spirochaete	Symptoms of Spirochaete • Causes & Risk Factors for Spirochaete • Diagnostic studies for Spirochaete • Treatment of Spirochaete
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Spirochaete	CME Programs on Spirochaete
International Resources on Spirochaete	Spirochaete en Espanol • Spirochaete en Francais
Business Resources on Spirochaete	Spirochaete in the Marketplace • Patents on Spirochaete
Informatics Resources on Spirochaete	List of terms related to Spirochaete

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .