TGF beta 1
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| Transforming growth factor beta-1 | |
|---|---|
| Image:TGFbeta1.png Solution Structure Of TGF-β1 | |
| Other names: | TGF-beta-1 |
| Genetic data | |
| Locus: | Chr. 19 q13.1 |
| Gene code: | HUGO code:TGFB1 |
| Protein Structure/Function | |
| Structure: | Molecular structure |
| Protein type: | TGF beta family |
| Functions: | cell differentiation, growth, cell proliferation |
| Other | |
| Taxa expressing: | Homo sapiens; homologs: many metazoan phyla |
| Cell types: | many |
| Subcellular localization: | extracellular |
| Covalent modifications: | glycosylation |
| Medical/Biotechnological data | |
| Diseases: | Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 131300, Modifier of Cystic fibrosis |
| Database Links | |
| Entrez: | 7040 |
| OMIM: | 190180 |
| RefSeq: | NM_000660 |
| UniProt: | P01137 |
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Overview
Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis.
TGF-β1 was first identified in human platelets as a protein with a molecular mass of 25 kilodaltons with a potential role in wound healing.[1] It was later characterized as a large protein precursor (containing 390 amino acids) that, was proteolytically processed to produce a mature peptide of 112 amino acids.[1]
TGF-β1 plays and important role in controlling the immune system, and shows diiferent activities on different types of cell, or cells at different developmental stages. Most immune cells (or leukocytes) secrete TGF-β1.[1]
TGF-β1 and T cells
Some T cells (e.g. regulatory T cells) release TGF-β1 to inhibit the actions of other T cells. Interleukin 1- and interleukin 2-dependent proliferation of activated T cells,[1][1] and the activation of quiescent helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells is prevented by the activity of TGF-β1.[1][1] Similarly, TGF-β1 can inhibit the secretion and activity of many other cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and various interleukins. It can also decrease the expression levels of cytokine receptors, such as the IL-2 receptor to down-regulate the activity of immune cells. However, TGF-β1 can also increase the expression of certain cytokines in T cells and promote their proliferation, particularly if the cells are immature.[1]
TGF-β1 and B cells
TGF-β1 has similar effects on B cells that also vary according to the differentiation state of the cell. It inhibits proliferation and apoptosis of B cells,[1] and plays a role in controlling the expression of antibody, transferrin and MHC class II proteins on immature and mature B cells.[1][1]
TGF-β1 and myeloid cells
The effects of TGF-β1 on macrophages and monocytes is predominantly suppressive; this cytokine can inhibit the proliferation of these cells and prevent their production of reactive oxygen (e.g. superoxide (O2−)) and nitrogen (e.g. nitric oxide (NO)) intermediates. However, as with other cell types, TGF-β1 can also have the opposite effect on cells of myeloid origin. For example, TGF-β1 acts as a chemoattractant, directing an immune response to some pathogens; macrophages and monocytes respond to low levels of TGF-β1 in a chemotactic manner. Furthermore, the expression of monocytic cytokines (including interleukin-1(IL-1)-alpha, IL-1-beta, and TNF-α), [1] and phagocytic killing by macrophages can be increased by the action of TGF-β1.[1]
References
Cell signaling: TGF beta signaling pathway | |
|---|---|
| TGF beta superfamily of ligands | TGF beta family (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3) Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b, BMP10 , BMP15) Growth differentiation factors (GDF1, GDF2, GDF3, GDF5, GDF6, GDF7, Myostatin/GDF8, GDF9, GDF10, GDF11, GDF15) Other (Activin A and B/Inhibin A and B, Anti-müllerian hormone, Nodal) |
| TGF beta receptors | TGFBR1: Activin type 1 receptors (ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C) - ACVRL1 - BMPR1 (BMPR1A - BMPR1B) TGFBR2: Activin type 2 receptors (ACVR2A, ACVR2B) - AMHR2 - BMPR2 TGFBR3: betaglycan |
| Transducers/SMAD | R-SMAD (SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5, SMAD9) - I-SMAD (SMAD6, SMAD7) - SMAD4 |
| Ligand Inhibitors | Cerberus - Chordin - DAN - Decorin - Follistatin - Gremlin - Lefty - LTBP1 - Noggin - THBS1 |
| Coreceptors | BAMBI - Cripto |
| Other | SARA |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
