Trophoblast
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| Trophoblast | ||
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| Blastocyst with an inner cell mass and trophoblast. | ||
| Image:Gray32.png | ||
| Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine decidua. Semidiagrammatic. am. Amniotic cavity. b.c. Blood-clot. b.s. Body-stalk. ect. Embryonic ectoderm. ent. Entoderm. mes. Mesoderm. m.v. Maternal vessels. tr. Trophoblast. u.e. Uterine epithelium. u.g. Uterine glands. y.s. Yolk-sac. | ||
| Gray's | subject #6 46 | |
| Days | 6 | |
| Gives rise to | caul | |
| MeSH | Trophoblasts | |
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Overview
Trophoblasts (from Greek threphein: to feed) are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg.
Function
Trophoblasts are invasive, eroding, and metastasizing cells of the placenta.
Trophoblasts mediate the implantation of the embryo into the endometrium, but they are never incorporated into the mother's body or the fetus. They are not "fetal" cells.
Trophoblasts become inert during pregnancy and are completely rejected by the fetus and mother at delivery. They can be seen as the thin membrane covering the fetus at birth, the caul.[1]
Differentiation
The trophoblast proliferates and differentiates into 2 cell layers:
| Layer | Location | Description |
| cytotrophoblast | inner layer | Single celled layer adjacent to trophoblast. |
| syncytiotrophoblast | outer layer | Thick layer that lacks cell boundaries and grows into the endometrial stroma. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy. |
Pathology
The invasion of a specific type of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) into the maternal uterus is a vital stage in the establishment of pregnancy:
- Failure of the trophoblast to invade sufficiently may be important in the development of some cases of pre-eclampsia.
- Too firm an attachment may lead to placenta accreta.
Additional images
 Blastodermic vesicle of Vespertilio murinus. |
 Section through embryonic disk of Vespertilio murinus. |
 Transverse section of a chorionic villus. |
 Scheme of placental circulation. |
See also
References
External links
- Swiss embryology (from UL, UB, and UF) iperiodembry/carnegie02
- Oklahoma State
- University of Illinois
- Diagram at umich.edu
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
