Western equine encephalitis
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Overview
Mosquito-borne
Epidemiology and Demographics
639 confirmed cases in the U.S. since 1964.
Risk Factors
- Epidemic disease that is difficult to predict
- Residents of endemic areas and visitors
- Persons with outdoor work and recreational activities
- Risk exposure increases as population expands into endemic areas
- Unknown overwintering cycle
Screening
Pathophysiology & Etiology
Western equine encephalitis virus, member of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. Closely related to eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses.
Molecular Biology
Genetics
Natural History
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to frank encephalitis, coma and death.
Physical Examination
Appearance of the Patient
Eyes
Ear Nose and Throat
Heart
Lungs
Abdomen
Extremities
Neurologic
Other
Laboratory Findings
Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
MRI and CT
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Risk Stratification and Prognosis
Treatment
- No licensed vaccine for human use
- No effective therapeutic drug
Pharmacotherapy
Acute Pharmacotherapies
Chronic Pharmacotherapies
Surgery and Device Based Therapy
Indications for Surgery
Pre-Operative Assessment
Post-Operative Management
Transplantation
Primary Prevention
- Control measures expensive
- Limited financial support of surveillance and prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
- Total case costs range from $21,000 for transiently infected individuals to $3 million for severely infected individuals
- Insecticide applications can cost as much as $1.4 million depending on the size of area treated
Future or Investigational Therapies
Suggested Revisions to the Current Guidelines
Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by
List of contributors:
Pilar Almonacid
Suggested Reading and Key General References
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/weefact.htm
